LESSON OBJECTIVE: Understand the properties of sulfur and in particular describe its role in the formation of acid rain. In this lesson we investigate sulfur and its reactions to form oxides, the formation of acid rain and the synthesis of sulfuric acid via the Contact process. This is lesson nine in our inorganic chemistry series for Unit 13: Nitrogen and sulfur (from the Cambridge International AS Chemistry Curriculum (9701) 2019-2021 curriculum). Learning Outcomes: (taken from the Cambridge International AS and A Level Chemistry (9701) 2019-2021 curriculum) 13.2 Sulfur: the formation of atmospheric sulfur dioxide, its role in acid rain a) describe the formation of atmospheric sulfur dioxide from the combustion of sulfur-contaminated fossil fuels b) state the role of sulfur dioxide in the formation of acid rain and describe the main environmental consequence of acid rain

LESSON OBJECTIVE: Investigate substitution and elimination reactions of halogenoalkanes and describe some of their uses and pollution. In this lesson we investigate the homologous series of halogenoalkanes but introducing key reactions they undergo (substitution and elimination), describe their uses, how they act as pollutants and the detrimental effect they have had on the ozone layer. This is lesson eight in our organic chemistry series of Unit 16: Halogen derivatives (from the Cambridge International AS Chemistry Curriculum (9701) 2019-2021 curriculum). Learning Outcomes: (taken from the Cambridge International AS and A Level Chemistry (9701) 2019-2021 curriculum) 16.1 Halogenoalkanes a) recall the chemistry of halogenoalkanes as exemplified by: (i) the following nucleophilic substitution reactions of bromoethane: hydrolysis, formation of nitriles, formation of primary amines by reaction with ammonia (ii) the elimination of hydrogen bromide from 2-bromopropane 16.2 Relative strength of the C-Hal bond b) explain the uses of fluoroalkanes and fluorohalogenoalkanes in terms of their relative chemical inertness c) recognise the concern about the effect of chlorofluoroalkanes on the ozone layer

LESSON OBJECTIVE: Understand oxidation and addition polymerisation reactions with alkenes and describe the use and pollution of plastics. In this lesson we continue our investigation of alkenes by discussing the different products that can be formed in the oxidation of an alkene, introduce the concept of addition polymerisation to make polymers and how these polymer plastics can be used and the pollution associated with them. This is lesson 7 in our organic chemistry series of Unit 15: Hydrocarbons (from the Cambridge International AS Chemistry Curriculum (9701) 2019-2021 curriculum). Learning Outcomes: (taken from the Cambridge International AS and A Level Chemistry (9701) 2019-2021 curriculum) 15.2 Alkenes a) describe the chemistry of alkanes as exemplified, where relevant, by the following reactions of ethene and propene (including the Markovnikov addition of asymmetric electrophiles using propene as an example): (ii) oxidation by cold, dilute, acidified manganate(VII) ions to form the diol (iii) oxidation by hot, concentrated, acidified manganate(VII) ions leading to the rupture of the carbon-carbon double bond in order to determine the position of alkene linkages in larger molecules (iv) polymerisation d) describe the characteristics of addition polymerisation as exemplified by poly(ethene) and PVC e) deduce the repeat unit of an addition polymer obtained given a monomer f) identify the monomer(s) present in a given section of an addition polymer molecule g) recognise the difficulty of the disposal of poly(alkane)s, i.e. non-biodegradability and harmful combustion products

LESSON OBJECTIVE: Investigate certain properties of hydrocarbons, understand the extraction of alkanes from crude oil via fractional distillation and describe the uses and pollutions of hydrocarbon combustion. In this lesson we discuss how crude oil can be separated using fractional distillation into different fractions for various uses, how combustion reactions of hydrocarbons allow them to be used as fuels and the effects of the pollution that arises from this and discuss the effects on the solubility of molecules. This is lesson five in our organic chemistry series of Unit 15: Hydrocarbons (from the Cambridge International AS Chemistry Curriculum (9701) 2019-2021 curriculum). Learning Outcomes: (taken from the Cambridge International AS and A Level Chemistry (9701) 2019-2021 curriculum) 15.1 Alkanes d) explain the use of crude oil as a source of both aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons e) suggest how cracking can be used to obtain more useful alkanes and alkenes of lower Mr from larger hydrocarbon molecules 15.3 Hydrocarbons as fuels a) describe and explain how the combustion reactions of alkanes make them suitable to be used as fuels in industry, in the home and in transport b) recognise the environmental consequences of: (i) carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen and unburnt hydrocarbons arising from the internal combustion engine and of their catalytic removal (ii) gases that contribute to the enhanced greenhouse effect c) outline the use of infra-red spectroscopy in monitoring air pollution

LESSON OBJECTIVE: Understand the mechanism of electrophilic addition reactions for alkenes and predict the products of these reactions (applying Markovnikov’s rule when appropriate). In this lesson we introduce the homologous series of the alkenes by investigating alkene addition reactions, the mechanism by which this electrophilic addition occurs and the effect the carbocation stability and Markovnikov’s rule will have on predicting the product of these types of reactions. This is lesson six in our organic chemistry series of Unit 15: Hydrocarbons (from the Cambridge International AS Chemistry Curriculum (9701) 2019-2021 curriculum). Learning Outcomes: (taken from the Cambridge International AS and A Level Chemistry (9701) 2019-2021 curriculum) 15.2 Alkenes a) describe the chemistry of alkenes as exemplified, where relevant, by the following reactions of ethene and propene (including the Markovnikov addition of asymmetric electrophiles using propene as an example): (i) addition of hydrogen, steam, hydrogen halides and halogens b) describe the mechanism of electrophilic addition in alkenes, including using bromine/ethene and hydrogen bromide/propene as examples c) describe and explain the inductive effects of alkyl groups on the stability of cations formed during electrophilic addition

LESSON OBJECTIVE: Describe chemical tests that can be used to test for, and distinguishing between, the carbonyls present in aldehydes and ketones In this lesson we describe the 2,4-DNPH test to identify the carbonyl on an aldehyde or ketones and then investigates tests using Fehling’s and Tollens’ reagent to distinguish between the two. Finally we discuss the iodoform test to identify a methyl ketone group present. This is lesson thirteen in our organic chemistry series of Unit 18: Carbonyl compounds (from the Cambridge International AS Chemistry Curriculum (9701) 2019-2021 curriculum). Learning Outcomes: (taken from the Cambridge International AS and A Level Chemistry (9701) 2019-2021 curriculum) 18.1 Aldehydes and ketones c) describe the use of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (2,4-DNPH) to detect the presence of carbonyl compounds d) deduce the nature (aldehyde or ketone) of an unknown carbonyl compound from the results of simple tests (Fehling’s and Tollens’ reagents; ease of oxidation) e) describe the reaction of CH3CO- compounds with alkaline aqueous iodine to give tri-iodomethane

LESSON OBJECTIVE: Understand the properties of aldehydes and ketones as carbonyl compounds by investigating their synthesis and key chemical reactions. In this lesson we investigate the carbonyl compounds aldehydes and ketones by discussing their synthesis via the oxidation of alcohols, their reduction back to the corresponding alcohol and their nucleophilic addition reactions with cyanide. This is lesson twelve in our organic chemistry series of Unit 18: Carbonyl compounds (from the Cambridge International AS Chemistry Curriculum (9701) 2019-2021 curriculum). Learning Outcomes: (taken from the Cambridge International AS and A Level Chemistry (9701) 2019-2021 curriculum) 18.1 Aldehydes and ketones a) describe: i) the formation of aldehydes and ketones from primary and secondary alcohols respectively using Cr2O72-/H+ ii) the reduction of aldehydes and ketones, e.g. using NaBH4 or LiAlH4 iii) the reaction of aldehydes and ketones with HCN and NaCN or KCN b) describe the mechanism of the nucleophilic addition reactions of hydrogen cyanide with aldehydes and ketones

LESSON OBJECTIVE: Describe the homologous series of the alcohols and investigate their chemistry through specific reactions. In this lesson we introduce the homologous series called Alcohols, discuss combustion, halide substitution and sodium reactions and discuss how to test for the presence of a CH3CH(OH)- group. This is lesson ten in our organic chemistry series of Unit 17: Hydroxy compounds (from the Cambridge International AS Chemistry Curriculum (9701) 2019-2021 curriculum). Learning Outcomes: (taken from the Cambridge International AS and A Level Chemistry (9701) 2019-2021 curriculum) 17.1 Alcohols a) recall the chemistry of alcohols, exemplified by ethanol, in the following reactions (i) combustion (ii) substitution to halogenoalkanes (iii) reaction with sodium b) (i) classify hydroxy compounds into primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols c) deduce the presence of a CH3CH(OH)– group in an alcohol from its reaction with alkaline aqueous iodine to form tri-iodomethane

LESSON OBJECTIVE: Investigate and predict the products of oxidation, reduction and esterification reactions of alcohols. In this lesson we continue our discussion on reactions of alcohols by investigating oxidation, reduction and esterification reactions and disuss how reactions can be used to identify the type of alcohol present. This is lesson eleven in our organic chemistry series of Unit 17: Hydroxy compounds (from the Cambridge International AS Chemistry Curriculum (9701) 2019-2021 curriculum). Learning Outcomes: (taken from the Cambridge International AS and A Level Chemistry (9701) 2019-2021 curriculum) 17.1 Alcohols a) recall the chemistry of alcohols, exemplified by ethanol, in the following reactions: (iv) oxidation to carbonyl compounds and carboxylic acids (v) dehydration to alkenes (vi) formation of esters by esterification with carboxylic acids b) (ii) suggest characteristic distinguishing reactions, e.g. mild oxidation

LESSON OBJECTIVE: Understand the concept of Gibbs free energy, ΔG, and use the equation ΔG = ΔH – TΔS to determine the feasibility of a reaction. Learning Outcomes: (taken from the Cambridge International AS and A Level Chemistry curriculum) 23.4 Gibbs free energy change, ΔS 1 state and use the Gibbs equation ΔG⦵ = ΔH⦵ – TΔS⦵ 2 perform calculations using the equation ΔG⦵ = ΔH⦵ – TΔS⦵ 3 state whether a reaction or process will be feasible by using the sign of ΔG 4 predict the effect of temperature change on the feasibility of a reaction, given standard enthalpy and entropy changes

LESSON OBJECTIVE: Investigate electrolysis and predict products from the electrolysis of both molten and aqueous compounds Learning Outcomes: (taken from the Cambridge International AS and A Level Chemistry curriculum) 24.1 Electrolysis 1 predict the identities of substances liberated during electrolysis from the state of electrolyte (molten or aqueous), position in the redox series (electrode potential) and concentration

LESSON OBJECTIVE: Investigate carboxylic acids, understand their characteristic reactions and describe the acid/base hydrolysis of esters. In this lesson we introduce the homologous series of carboxylic acids, their synthesis and a number of reactions including reduction, esterification and their reactions as an acid. This is lesson fourteen in our organic chemistry series of Unit 19: Carboxylic acids and derivatives (from the Cambridge International AS Chemistry Curriculum (9701) 2019-2021 curriculum). Learning Outcomes: (taken from the Cambridge International AS and A Level Chemistry (9701) 2019-2021 curriculum) 19.1 Carboxylic acids a) describe the formation of carboxylic acids from alcohols, aldehydes and nitriles b) describe the reactions of carboxylic acids in the formation of: (i) salts, by the use of reactive metals, alkalis or carbonates (ii) alkyl esters (iii) alcohols, by the use of LiAlH4 19.3 Esters a) describe the acid and base hydrolysis of esters b) state the major commercial uses of esters, e.g. solvent, perfumes and flavourings

LESSON OBJECTIVE: Understand the concept of electron affinity and use Born-Haber cycles to calculate lattice energies Learning Outcomes: (taken from the Cambridge International AS and A Level Chemistry curriculum) 23.1 Lattice energy and Born-Haber cycles define and use the terms: a) enthalpy change of atomisation, ΔHat b) lattice energy, ΔHlatt (the change from gas phase ions to solid lattice) a) define and use the term first electron affinity, EA b) explain the factors affecting the electron affinities of elements c) describe and explain the trends in the electron affinities of the Group 16 and Group 17 elements construct and use Born–Haber cycles for ionic solids (limited to +1 and +2 cations, –1 and –2 anions) carry out calculations involving Born–Haber cycles explain, in qualitative terms, the effect of ionic charge and of ionic radius on the numerical magnitude of a lattice energy

LESSON OBJECTIVE: Understand enthalpy changes that occur in ionic salts in solution. Learning Outcomes: (taken from the Cambridge International AS and A Level Chemistry curriculum) 23.2 Enthalpies of solution and hydration 1 define and use the term enthalpy change with reference to hydration, ΔHhyd, and solution, ΔHsol 2 construct and use an energy cycle involving enthalpy change of solution, lattice energy and enthalpy change of hydration 3 carry out calculations involving the energy cycles in 23.2.2 4 explain, in qualitative terms, the effect of ionic charge and of ionic radius on the numerical magnitude of an enthalpy change of hydration

LESSON OBJECTIVE: Investigate entropy changes and predict entropy changes that will occur during state changes and chemical reactions. Learning Outcomes: (taken from the Cambridge International AS and A Level Chemistry curriculum) 23.3 Entropy change, ΔS 2. predict and explain the sign of the entropy changes that occur: a) during a change in state, e.g. melting, boiling and dissolving (and their reverse) b) during a temperature change c) during a reaction in which there is a change in the number of gaseous molecules

LESSON OBJECTIVE: Calculate the entropy change for a reaction and interpret the value to determine if a process will be spontaneous or not. Learning Outcomes: (taken from the Cambridge International AS and A Level Chemistry curriculum) 23.3 Entropy change, ΔS 3. calculate the entropy change for a reaction, ΔS, given the standard entropies, S⦵, of the reactants and products, ΔS⦵ = ΣS⦵ (products) – ΣS⦵ (reactants) (use of ΔS⦵ = ΔSsurr⦵ + ΔSsys⦵ is not required)

LESSON OBJECTIVE: Understand entropy as a measure of the disorder of a system. Learning Outcomes: (taken from the Cambridge International AS and A Level Chemistry curriculum) 23.3 Entropy change, ΔS define the term entropy, S, as the number of possible arrangements of the particles and their energy in a given system

LESSON OBJECTIVE: Investigate pH, Kw, Ka, pKa and how to utilise them in calculations. Learning Outcomes: (taken from the Cambridge International AS and A Level Chemistry curriculum) 25.1 Acids and bases 1 understand and use the terms conjugate acid and conjugate base 2 define conjugate acid-base pairs, identifying such pairs in reactions 3 define mathematically the terms pH, Ka pKa and Kw and use them in calculations (Kb and the equation Kw = Ka × Kb will not be tested)