This lesson is based on Orton Gillingham multisensory language development principles. A sampling of skills developed with this multisensory lesson: Vowel Diphthongs are two vowels, side-by-side, that make their own unique sound. When coding syllables with diphthongs, circle the diphthong and write DT under the syllable. Vocabulary Reading comprehension Reading strategies Writing activities Reading fluency Processing Speed Working memory Long term memory Word Retrieval Students will develop a stronger vocabulary using a multisensory approach to word meaning. Students require review and repetition to internalize the sound of oi. Please contact me if you have questions. It will be my pleasure to work with you to support your child, or student. ekennyfoggin@gmail.com. Thank you. Elizabeth Kenny-Foggin M.S., M.A., OG-TT (IMSLEC)

This lesson is based on Orton Gillingham multisensory language development principles. For many students, without direct, explicit instruction of vowel diphthongs such as "ow (cow)," there will be a breakdown each time a word is read that includes a diphthong. Why? Well, students many know that vowel teams, two vowels next to each other make the long sound of the first vowel. Diphthongs differ because they are two vowels together, or side-by-side, but the sound made is unique. Basically, the two vowel sounds are not heard, but a distinctly different on. So, it is easy to understand how struggling readers might falter when decoding or reading words with diphthongs. Vowel Diphthongs are two vowels, side-by-side, that make their own unique sound. When coding syllables with diphthongs, circle the diphthong and write DT under the syllable. Vocabulary Reading comprehension Reading strategies Writing activities Reading fluency Processing Speed Working memory Long term memory Word Retrieval Students will develop a stronger vocabulary using a multisensory approach to word meaning. Students require review and repetition to internalize the sound of ow. Please contact me if you have questions. It will be my pleasure to work alongside you to support your child, or student's development of diphthongs. Have questions? Contact me at ekennyfoggin@gmail.com. Thank you. Elizabeth Kenny-Foggin M.S., M.A., OG-TT (IMSLEC) Key Words: Orton Gillingham; OG; Turner Syndrome; Basic skills; English Language Learners; ELL; ESL; Mega vocabulary; Reading comprehension; reading fluency; decoding; prefixes, suffixes, roots; Schwa; No Prep; Tutor; OG Tutor; Language Arts; Special Education; Parent Supports; Elizabeth Kenny-Foggin; Elizabeth Kenny

This 13 page PDF resource highlights numerous skill building activities to identify vowel diphthong "ou." This multisensory packet is designed and developed using Orton Gillingham techniques and strategies. My focus as a TES seller is to provide quality and informative lessons. The substance of this product has been created help students grow academically, and to gain stronger confidence. The Orton Gillingham Approach is based on a multisensory, explicit, cumulative approach which provides over learning and a continual review of previously presented skills. The multisensory aspect helps individuals learn the skills needed to read and write. At times, my products do not provide an overabundance of visuals. Why? Students with special needs, or with other challenges such as visual spatial, processing, and memory difficulties can become overloaded. The TES market is designed for a variety of sellers to offer a variety of products. Buyers have the option of picking products based on their specific needs. xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx Rating this product: Feedback is valued greatly by me. If there is a resource that you are unable to find at my "shop," please email me at ekennyfoggin@gmail.com and I will attempt to create one specific to your needs.. Why? I would like to support individuals if I can,so students are helped and move forward academically! xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx Table of contents: “ou” Vowel Diphthong Page 2 - Table of Contents Page 4 - “ou” Multisensory introductory lesson page 5 - “ou” Phonemic Awareness Activity Page 6 - Basic word list Page 7 - Advanced word list Page 8 - Reading fluency phrase practice Page 9 - “ou” Sentences 9 Page 10 - Writing Activity 10 Page 11 - Working Memory/ Recall practice Page 12 - “ou” Word search - OPTIONAL Best wishes, Elizabeth Kenny-Foggin M. S., M. A., OG-TT (IMSLEC) Key terms: Orton Gillingham, Orton Gillingham Tutor; Orton-Gillingham Tutor; Latin, Greek; Orton Gillingham Tutor; Orton-Gillingham Tutor; Latin, Greek; multisensory education, multisensory activities, reading, writing, spelling, phonics, grammar, reading and writing strategies; resource guide; parent information; teacher support

This multisensory lesson/resource , based on Orton Gillingham principles focuses on the consonant digraph "wh" that typically is presented last of the "H" brothers: sh, ch, th and wh. "Wh" words are typically introduced to students through the question words: why, when, what, which, and who, during the early school years of up to grade 2. However, students may not understand that "wh" is actually a consonant digraph, and need specific and direct instruction to gain this knowledge. Another reason that "wh" is typically presented as the last of the "H" brothers is because the words that include "wh" include higher level skills such as vowel consonant e words and words with vowel diphthongs, another higher level skill. The "Wh" lesson unit includes: Information page for teachers and parents Suggested Skill Presentation Script to support Adults presentation to students Multisensory Introductory lesson Phonemic Awareness Activity Word list (use only words students can identify based on their skill level) Reading fluency practice using phrases Controlled reading of sentences to develop reading fluency Word Search - OPTIONAL Activity - This activity is only for students who like to do this type of activity. Students with visual and processing difficulties may become very frustrated so please be guided according to the needs of your student. Memory development for word retrieval of either other consonant digraphs and selected short vowels. Answer Keys for words search and possible words to provide students with difficulty retrieving words of the specific skills presented. Please email me with any questions, or if you require additional support at ekennyfoggin@gmail.com Best wishes, Elizabeth Kenny-Foggin M. A., M. S., OG-TT (IMSLEC)

This is a multisensory PDF resource designed to support students developing reading skills. Students without the ability to identify short vowels, including short vowel "i" will continue to struggle to decode and encode basic one-syllable words and multisyllabic words.Additionally, reading fluency will continue to be negatively impacted until students understand and automatically react to short vowels. Reading fluency is critical to overall comprehension. If students are unable to comprehend, then other individuals must intervene. This is a support, but for many students, support becomes complete reliance on others to identify words. We need to support independence. Students with age appropriate reading automaticity have gone beyond identifying sounds within words-their brains see the entire grouping of letters of each word and respond. The activities included in this multisensory resource support student development of the skill "short i." Additionally, writing development is included. Too often, there is a strong emphasis on decoding and encoding, but writing skills are "lost" in the process. Keep students immersed in writing, using basic writing strategies like COPS - Capitalize, Organization, Punctuation and Spelling. Have questions? Contact me at ekennyfoggin@gmail.com . Thank you. Elizabeth Kenny-Foggin M. S., M. A., OG-TT (IMSLEC)

This lesson includes the following: Multisensory Introductory Lesson Phonemic Awareness Activity Word List 1 Word List 2 Phrase Fluency Practice Phrases Writing Activity FSZL Sentences Working Memory Development Word Search – Optional Activity Answer Key-Word Search IF you would like to contact me, please leave a comment, or email me at ekennyfoggin@gmail.com. Like my products, then please follow me by clicking on the green star on my "store" page. Best wishes, Elizabeth Kenny-Foggin M. S., M. A., OG-TT (IMSLEC) Key terms: Orton Gillingham, Orton Gillingham Tutor; Orton-Gillingham Tutor; IMSLEC; Latin, Greek; dyslexia; multisensory education, multisensory activities, reading, writing, spelling, phonics, grammar, reading and writing strategies; resource guide; parent information; teacher support; answer keys; consonants, consonant blends, consonant digraphs; vowel consonant e and Magic e; vowel teams, short vowels, long vowels, ending blends, syllables, syllable types: closed, open, Bossy R and R-controlled; vowel teams and vowel digraphs; consonant -le; vowel diphthong; oral language; written expression; language development; language disorders; special education; gifted and talented; homework; fun stuff; games; individual lessons; small group lessons; class; speech

PRODUCT DESCRIPTION Product Description This 13 page PDF resource highlights numerous skill building activities to identify vowel diphthong "ou." This multisensory packet is designed and developed using Orton Gillingham techniques and strategies. My focus as a TES seller is to provide quality and informative lessons. The substance of this product has been created help students grow academically, and to gain stronger confidence. The Orton Gillingham Approach is based on a multisensory, explicit, cumulative approach which provides over learning and a continual review of previously presented skills. The multisensory aspect helps individuals learn the skills needed to read and write. At times, my products do not provide an overabundance of visuals. Why? Students with special needs, or with other challenges such as visual spatial, processing, and memory difficulties can become overloaded. The TES market is designed for a variety of sellers to offer a variety of products. Buyers have the option of picking products based on their specific needs. xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx Rating this product: Feedback is valued greatly by me. If there is a resource that you are unable to find at my "shop," please email me at ekennyfoggin@gmail.com and I will attempt to create one specific to your needs.. Why? I would like to support individuals if I can,so students are helped and move forward academically! xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx Table of contents: “ou” Vowel Diphthong Page 2 - Table of Contents Page 4 - “ou” Multisensory introductory lesson page 5 - “ou” Phonemic Awareness Activity Page 6 - Basic word list Page 7 - Advanced word list Page 8 - Reading fluency phrase practice Page 9 - “ou” Sentences 9 Page 10 - Writing Activity 10 Page 11 - Working Memory/ Recall practice Page 12 - “ou” Word search - OPTIONAL Best wishes, Elizabeth Kenny-Foggin M. S., M. A., OG-TT (IMSLEC) Key terms: Orton Gillingham, Orton Gillingham Tutor; Orton-Gillingham Tutor; Latin, Greek; Orton Gillingham Tutor; Orton-Gillingham Tutor; Latin, Greek; multisensory education, multisensory activities, reading, writing, spelling, phonics, grammar, reading and writing strategies; resource guide; parent information; teacher support

FOLLOW ME AND MULTISENSORY RESOURCES SOLD IN MY SHOP! How? Click on my user name - ekennyfoggin above - then click on the word "Profile." Finally, click on the picture in black and white of people in a group- under the blue rectangle . Save for a later purchase! Like the multisensory resources offered, but not ready to purchase today? Then, at the end of this description, click on "Add to Favorites," next to the heart icon. Then, you can easily locate the resource when you need it. The importance of identifying short vowels is a foundational skill needed to read and write. Students who struggle to identify the correct short vowel sounds are unable to read fluently, which negatively impacts comprehension. It is important to use multisensory strategies and techniques to develop to automatic, short vowel sounds. More importantly, the use of lessons based on the principles of Orton Gillingham require students are provided explicit, sequential and use of the three main senses for learning: hearing, visual, and kinesthetic. This PDF multisensory resource focuses on the presentation of short vowel "e." Read below to see the specific aspects of the lessons: Introductory multisensory lesson on "short e" Phonemic Awareness Activity - sound awareness through manipulation of sounds within a word Three word lists: basic, basic plus blends, and advanced words Controlled reading Side by Side Connect Activity Word Search - OPTIONAL ONLY - Students with strong visual abilities typically enjoy these but students with visual processing and visual difficulties often dislike greatly! Please contact me if you have questions at ekennyfoggin@gmail.com Thank you. Elizabeth Kenny-Foggin M. S., M. A., OG-TT (IMSLEC) Key Words: Orton Gillingham; OG; Dyslexia; Turner Syndrome; Basic skills; English Language Learners; ELL; ESL; Mega vocabulary; Reading comprehension; reading fluency; decoding; prefixes, suffixes, roots; Schwa; No Prep; Tutor; OG Tutor; Tutoring; Language Arts; Special Education; Parents; Elizabeth Kenny-Foggin; Elizabeth Kenny IMSLEC; Imslec

FOLLOW ME AND MULTISENSORY RESOURCES SOLD IN MY SHOP! How? Click on my user name - ekennyfoggin above - then click on the word "Profile." Finally, click on the picture in black and white of "people" under the blue rectangle - you are now one of my followers! Like the multisensory resources offered, but not ready to purchase today? Then, at the end of this description, click on "Add to Favorites," next to the heart icon. Then, you can easily locate the resource when you need it. This is a great visual for students that includes the following spelling / generalizations: "-tch" "-dge" The Doubling Rule The Silent E Rule The Y Rule Each student in your class can have one to use at school and at home. This visual graphic organizer can also be made into a poster size and visible within the class room. Teachers of Social Studies and Science can post in their classes as a support to students since students not yet mastering the spelling of words will benefit from the visual cues. This is a great tool to laminate if your a teacher working with whole group, small group, or a tutor working individually with a student! Hope you like this multisensory resource. Have a question? Then, please email me at ekennyfoggin@gmail.com . Have a great day! Elizabeth Kenny-Foggin M.S., M. A., OG-TT (IMSLEC) Key Words: Orton Gillingham; OG; Turner Syndrome; Basic skills; English Language Learners; ELL; ESL; Mega vocabulary; Reading comprehension; reading fluency; decoding; prefixes, suffixes, roots; Schwa; No Prep; Tutor; OG Tutor; Language Arts; Special Education; Parent Supports; Elizabeth Kenny-Foggin; Elizabeth Kenny

This multisensory resource focuses on a Latin prefix, "pro-." The knowledge gained from understanding the meaning of pro- brings students to "a higher understanding." This resource includes a variety of methods to support student internalization of the meaning of "pro-." Teachers and parents can determine the specific pages a student completes - very helpful for a class of diverse students academically. Of course, students can complete the entire multisensory packet - just providing options! Some skills included in this multisensory resource: decoding encoding writing development working memory & long term memory development language development math based vocabulary reading comprehension reading fluency Please email me with questions you may have. FYI There are answer keys included. Please contact me at ekennyfoggin@gmail.com if you have any questions. Thanks. Elizabeth Kenny-Foggin M. S., M. A., OG-TT (IMSLEC) ekennyfoggin@gmail.com Key Terms: Dyslexia, language, Latin root; speech; special education; tutoring; Orton Gillingham; Orton lessons; OG-TT; OG-T; OG tutor; Wilson reading; Turner Syndrome: concepts; vocabulary ; multisensory

This multisensory lesson of the vowel team oa, based on the principles of Orton Gillingham, using multisensory strategies, supports students of all ages yet to master the Vowel Team oa. Activities to support the internalization of oa, along with writing activities are included. This multisensory packet includes: Page 1 Title page Page 2 - Informational page Page 3 - Introductory multisensory lesson of oa. Page 4/5 - Two pages of words with oa, one is basic, the second page includes words with basic suffixes Page 6 - Controlled sentences for reading fluency practice Page 7 - Writing activity Page 8 - Phrase oral reading practice Page 9 - Writing Activity Page 10 - Box It Activity - processing and memory development using oa vowel team. Page 11 - Word Search -This is not an activity for all students. I have found that either students love this activity or hate it. If students do not want to do, please refrain. Why? Students with memory, processing,and visual difficulties will struggle and usually become frustrated. But high school age students often go to this page first because they enjoy word searches. Word searches help to internalize the spelling of the words, by slowing down and repeatedly saying the letters/sounds of each word. Please contact me if you have any questions, or require more support. Thank you for your time and please rate this product if you like it! Best wishes, Elizabeth Kenny-Foggin M. S., M. A., OG-TT (IMSLEC) ekennyfoggin@gmail.com

This is a complete lesson designed to help students learn and internalize the "oo" as in cool, using a multisensory approach, along with explicit and repeated opportunities to develop skill. The lesson includes: Page 1- Title page Page 2 - Introductory lesson of "oo" using a a multisensory approach. Page 3 Word List Page 4 Controlled sentences to develop fluency. Page 5- Writing Activity Page 6 -A story - Crazy Words. Page 7 - Phrases Page 8 - Writing Activity to support sentence development and "oo." Page 9 -Optional - Word Search with answer key Hope your student enjoys this direct and explicit lesson! If you have questions, please contact me at ekennyfoggin@gmail.com. Thank you for taking time to preview this lesson. Cordially, Elizabeth Kenny-Foggin Key terms: Orton Gillingham, workbook style, workbook format, workbook, multisensory education, multisensory activities, reading, writing, spelling, phonics, grammar, reading and writing strategies; resource guide; parent information; teacher support; answer keys; consonants, consonant blends, consonant digraphs; vowel consonant e and Magic e; vowel teams, short vowels, long vowels, ending blends, syllables, syllable types: closed, open, Bossy R and R-controlled; vowel teams and vowel digraphs; consonant -le; vowel diphthong; oral language; receptive language; written expression; language development; language disorders; special education; gifted & gifted and talented; homework; fun stuff; games; individual lessons; small group lessons; class; speech; speech therapy; concentration game; Elizabeth Kenny, Elizabeth Foggin, Elizabeth Kenny-Foggin; Elizabeth Kenny Foggin; Donna Salimando; Eileen Riozzi, collaboration, website resources, spelling generalizations, spelling rules, posters, vowel posters, spelling posters, parts of speech, reading fluency, reading fluency practice, vocabulary, vocabulary development; reading comprehension, clip art, table of contents; OG; schwa; processing speed; sentence structure; punctuation; grammar; syntax; sight words; red words; administrator; administrators; staff development; staff training; staff support; classroom support; parent support; teacher support; additional resources; reading resource; reading resources; resource guide; reading research guide; OG tutor; OG tutoring; tutor; og lessons; OG lessons; help in reading; reading help; parent help in reading; parent resource guide for reading; writing; writing support; writing strategies; reading strategies; student reading support, school district; high school; elementary school; preschool; staff training, staff development; administrator; administrators; special education; special ed; sped; first grade;

Consider becoming a follower of my "Shop!" The resources include materials for all ages groups, ability levels, and specific academic concepts. Many of the resources provide basic information so adults working with students, or parents supporting their child, have background information that is useful when teaching. This PDF document has over 10 pages of information, activities that include: Memory development Vocabulary development Reading comprehension development Decoding Encoding Parts of speech Graphic organizers Application activities If you have questions, please email me at ekennyfoggin@gmail.com Thank you. Elizabeth Kenny-Foggin M. S., M. A., OG-TT (IMSLEC) Writing development Processing speed Key terms: English; spelling; language arts; decoding; encoding; dyslexia; gifted and talented; memory development; working memory; long term memory; word retrieval; Turner's Syndrome; morphology; vocabulary; reading comprehension; Orton Gillingham instruction; multisensory education; IMSLEC; OG; OG tutors; tutoring

This multisensory PDF formatted resource is designed to support learning the consonant blend "cr." Included in this resources are strategies and techniques based on the principles of Orton Gillingham including multisensory strategies to help internalize concept of "cr." Additionally, many activities develop cognitive processes including working memory, long-term memory, processing speed, to name a few. Students benefit from improving cognitive abilities and moving away from pure "memorization." The main goal is to internalize concepts, not memorize and forget concepts. So, the more multisensorial the activities and application activities, the stronger the learning connection! Have questions? Please contact me at ekennyfoggin@gmail.com. Respectfully, Elizabeth Kenny-Foggin M. S., M. A., OG-TT (IMSLEC)

This lesson, in PDF format, focuses on teaching the consonant "tr" using a multisensory approach, repetition, review, sequential focus on skill building for optimum student development, practice using multisensory strategies and techniques. This lesson requires teacher introduction, discussion and modeling, followed by student independent or partner development. Cordially, Elizabeth Kenny-Foggin M. S., M. A., OG-TT (IMSLEC) ekennyfoggin@gmail.com Key terms: Orton Gillingham, workbook style, workbook format, workbook, multisensory education, multisensory activities, reading, writing, spelling, phonics, grammar, strategies; parent information; answer keys; consonants, consonant blends, consonant digraphs; vowel consonant e and Magic e; vowel teams, short vowels, long vowels, ending blends, syllables, syllable types: closed, open, Bossy R and R-controlled; vowel teams and vowel digraphs; consonant -le; vowel diphthong; oral language; receptive language; written expression; language development; language disorders; special education; gifted and talented; homework; fun; games; individual lessons; small group lessons; differentiated instruction; speech; speech therapy; Elizabeth Kenny, Elizabeth Foggin, Elizabeth Kenny-Foggin; Elizabeth Kenny Foggin; Donna Salimando; Eileen Riozzi, spelling generalizations, spelling rules, posters, vowel posters, spelling posters, parts of speech, reading fluency, reading fluency practice, vocabulary; reading comprehension, clip art, table of contents; OG; schwa; processing speed; sentence structure; punctuation; grammar; syntax; sight words; red words; administrator; administrators; staff development; staff training; staff support; reading research guide; OG tutor; OG tutoring; tutor; og lessons; OG lessons; help in reading; reading help; parent help in reading; parent resource; writing; writing support; writing strategies; reading strategies; student reading support, professional development; staff training, staff development

Vowel Diphthong "ue" This is a multisensory lesson for students developing reading and writing skills. This multisensory lesson is a PDF document. Please preview before purchasing to ensure it meets your students' needs. A multisensory approach to phonogram development through the use of multisensory Orton Gillingham principles are utilized to support student skill development necessary to be independent as readers and writers. Techniques and strategies provide students with ample opportunities to engage numerous brain pathways to ensure brain is activated and engaged during learning of the concept "eu." The packet includes: a visual, word list, controlled reading, and writing activities to support skill development. If you have questions, please email me at ekennyfoggin@gmail.com Cordially, Elizabeth Kenny-Foggin M. S., M. A., OG-TT (IMSLEC)

Consonant blend gr- When teaching students the consonant blend, gr-, using the principles of Orton Gillingham along with multisensory strategies to deepen the learning connection. This resource has numerous opportunities for student development for this reading skill. Skills developed include: Vowel Team concept Syllabication of words Decoding Encoding Reading Fluency Comprehension Writing development Processing speed Working Memory Long-term memory Word Retrieval Special Education Teachers required to provide study guides, based on IEP Accommodations for classified students, or general education teachers responsible for students with 504 Plans, include activities from this lesson into your content area study guides. Study guides are a great opportunity to include this skill, to continue reading, writing skills development. Thank you. Elizabeth Kenny-Foggin M. S., M. A., OG-TT (IMSLEC)

This multisensory lesson is based on the principles of Orton Gillingham and is designed to support decoding, encoding, comprehension and reading fluency. This resource is just one of the many that focus on consonant digraphs. If you like this multisensory resource, then please review the others in my "shop!" A sampling of skills developed with this multisensory unit: Phonology Consonant ch Vocabulary Reading Strategies Writing Activities Comprehension Reading fluency Processing speed Working Memory Long term memory Word Retrieval Students will develop a stronger decoding and encoding skills through the use of a multisensory approach to develop the skill for consonant ch. Brain development and degrees of maturation are as varied and as different as each student. This resource provides skill development through repetition, review, and practice using multisensory strategies. It is important for each student to have time to process the skills. Please contact me if you have questions at ekennyfoggin@gmail.com . Best wishes, Elizabeth Kenny-Foggin M.S., M.A., OG-TT (IMSLEC)

This PDF formatted resource is based on Orton Gillingham Multisensory Language Development principles. A sampling of skills developed with this multisensory unit: Consonant - th Reading Strategies Writing Activities Parts of Speech Syllabication and Accents Comprehension Reading fluency Processing speed Working Memory Long term memory Word Retrieval Students will develop stronger decoding, along with an enhanced vocabulary using a multisensory approach Brain development and degrees of maturation are as varied and as different as each student. This resource places a great deal of repetition, review, practice using multisensory strategies. It is important students have time to process skills, otherwise, students may only memorize, rather than comprehend. Memorization can be very limiting, when compared to deep comprehension using multisensory strategies and explicit instruction. Please contact me if you have questions at ekennyfoggin@gmail.com. Thank you. Elizabeth Kenny-Foggin M.S., M.A., OG-TT (IMSLEC)

Consonant blend dr- When teaching students the consonant blend, dr-, using the principles of Orton Gillingham along with multisensory strategies to deepen the learning connection is a superior way to learn, and to learn to automaticity. This resource has numerous opportunities for student development for the consonant blend "dr-." Skills developed include: Vowel Team concept Syllabication of words Decoding Encoding Reading Fluency Comprehension Writing development Processing speed Working Memory Long-term memory Word Retrieval Special Education Teachers who are required to provide study guides, based on IEP Accommodations for classified students, or general education teachers responsible for students with 504 Plans, include activities from this lesson into your study guides. Study guides are a great opportunity to include this skill, to continue reading, writing skills development. There are so many parents who would appreciate the practice opportunity for their child. Questions? Email me at ekennyfoggin@gmail.com. Please put TES in subject area. Thank you. Elizabeth Kenny-Foggin M. S., M. A., OG-TT (IMSLEC)