Hero image

JOHN'S EDU-MARKET

Average Rating3.44
(based on 103 reviews)

JOHN’S EDU MARKET stands out for its unique share of resources and information. Teachers can use these resources to support students as they include well-formulated lesson plans, carefully designed support material, and well-planned worksheets. This platform aims at bringing "Tomorrow's lessons to today's classroom, and today's lessons to a classroom now". The Teacher-Author of this platform is an English graduate, associated with Gems Education as a Subject Leader of English.

2k+Uploads

1023k+Views

84k+Downloads

JOHN’S EDU MARKET stands out for its unique share of resources and information. Teachers can use these resources to support students as they include well-formulated lesson plans, carefully designed support material, and well-planned worksheets. This platform aims at bringing "Tomorrow's lessons to today's classroom, and today's lessons to a classroom now". The Teacher-Author of this platform is an English graduate, associated with Gems Education as a Subject Leader of English.
READING COMPREHENSION GUIDE: HANDOUTS
john421969john421969

READING COMPREHENSION GUIDE: HANDOUTS

(0)
A handout that explains the criteria to be noted when answering comprehension questions. This resource helps learners to comprehend the textual information in order to understand and answer - direct, open-ended, close-ended, challenging, and critical thinking - questions. Teachers can use this cheat sheet as a ready reference material to help learners to improve their comprehension skills.
PROMPTS TO WRITE: HANDOUTS
john421969john421969

PROMPTS TO WRITE: HANDOUTS

(0)
A compact review of prompts used for writing organized for quick referencing. This Includes: Vocabulary Overview 6 Steps to Use Writing Prompts Prompts Types Assessment Rubrics Teachers can use these handouts as ready reference material to remind the learners about procedures followed for writing using prompts, thereby helping them to enhance their language and writing skills. ◈◈◈◈◈◈◈◈◈◈◈◈◈◈◈◈◈◈◈◈◈◈◈◈◈◈◈◈◈◈◈◈ Here are some other possible uses for these in your classroom: ✿ Early Finishers ✿ Tutoring ✿ Sub Tubs ✿ ESL Stations/Centres ✿ Holiday Work ✿ Small Group Collaborations ✿ End of Unit Quick Assessments ✿ Homework ✿ Reinforcement ✿ Enrichment
FORM FILLING: LESSON AND RESOURCES
john421969john421969

FORM FILLING: LESSON AND RESOURCES

(0)
A lesson plan that presents teaching and learning resources on form filling. After completing this lesson, the students will be able to: • Identify a form and tell its purpose. • Compare terminology and vocabulary on the different forms to identify their features. • Examine the forms for the rules they follow to fill up. • Fill in forms with the appropriate information. This Resource Includes: Well Formulated, Measurable, SMART Objectives and Outcomes Vocabulary Overview - Application Form, Form Filling Flipped Lesson Part - Video - How to fill a Form, Types of Online Forms Engaging and Creative Lesson Starter – Formal Group Discussion Success Criteria - Form Filling Checklist Collaborative Group Tasks – Pair-Share, Think-Write, Write-Share Scaffolded Notes - Form Filling Rules Mini-Plenary with Critical Thinking Questions – 3 Online Quizzes Assessment Criteria for Outcome Expectations - Rubrics Differentiated Activities for Level Learners - Writing Task by Outcome Extensions to Challenge the High Achievers - Exercise Plenary to Assess Learning Outcomes - Rally Coach Home Learning for Reinforcement – 4 Online Exercises Common Core Standards - ELA-LITERACY.RI.6-8.1-3 Skills to be addressed during the Lesson - Social and Cognitive Teachers can use this resource to teach the students how to retrieve information and fill out a form, thereby helping them to enhance their reading and writing skills.
NOTE-TAKING: HANDOUTS
john421969john421969

NOTE-TAKING: HANDOUTS

(0)
A compact review of note-taking organized for quick referencing. This Includes: Vocabulary Overview Rules for Effective Note-Taking 5 R’s of Note-Taking Helpful Abbreviations for Note-Taking Note-Taking Format Assessment Rubrics Teachers can use these handouts as ready reference material to remind the learners about the note-taking procedures, thereby helping them to enhance their reading and writing skills. ◈◈◈◈◈◈◈◈◈◈◈◈◈◈◈◈◈◈◈◈◈◈◈◈◈◈◈◈◈◈◈◈ Here are some other possible uses for these in your classroom: ✿ Early Finishers ✿ Tutoring ✿ Sub Tubs ✿ ESL Stations/Centres ✿ Holiday Work ✿ Small Group Collaborations ✿ End of Unit Quick Assessments ✿ Homework ✿ Reinforcement ✿ Enrichment
FICTIONAL STORY WRITING LESSON AND RESOURCES
john421969john421969

FICTIONAL STORY WRITING LESSON AND RESOURCES

(0)
A lesson plan that presents teaching and learning resources on fictional story writing. After completing this lesson, the students will be able to: Differentiate between fiction and non-fiction. Express stories orally applying knowledge of story elements. Apply knowledge of story elements through planning. Apply strategies learned in oral expression to writing. This Resource Includes: Well Formulated, Measurable, SMART Objectives and Outcomes Vocabulary Overview - Plot, Moral, Point of View Flipped Lesson Part - Video - Fictional Story Engaging and Creative Lesson Starter – K-W-L Chart Success Criteria - Fictional Story Writing Checklist Collaborative Group Tasks – Pair-Share, Think-Write, Write-Share Scaffolder Notes - Fictional Story Elements Mini-Plenary with Critical Thinking Questions – Online Quizzes Assessment Criteria for Outcome Expectations - Rubrics Differentiated Activities for Level Learners - Writing Task by Outcome Extensions to Challenge the High Achievers - Exercise Plenary to Assess Learning Outcomes - PEEC Technique Home Learning for Reinforcement – 4 Task Cards Common Core Standards - ELA-LITERACY.W.8.3abcde/5/10 Skills to be addressed during the Lesson - Social and Cognitive Educational Tools and Resources - Connectives, Adverbs, Verbs, Adjectives Teachers can use this resource to teach the students how to write a fictional story, thereby helping them to enhance their writing skills. Here are some other possible uses for these in your classroom: To challenge early finishers For effective tutoring As ESL stations and sub tubs As holiday work and homework For small group collaborations For an end of unit assessments For reinforcement and enrichment
INFERRING MEANING LESSON AND RESOURCES
john421969john421969

INFERRING MEANING LESSON AND RESOURCES

(0)
A lesson plan that presents teaching and learning resources on reading strategies to infer meaning while analyzing the text. After completing this lesson, the students will be able to: Acquire reading skills to infer meaning. Discuss SQ3R inferring and critical reading strategies. Read critically to infer what the text implies beyond its obvious meaning. This Resource Includes: Well Formulated, Measurable, SMART Objectives and Outcomes Vocabulary Overview - Infer, Imply, Predict Flipped Lesson Part - Video - What is Text Inferring? Engaging and Creative Lesson Starter – Proverbs and Meanings Success Criteria - Inferring Checklist Scaffolding Notes - SQ3R Inferring Strategies Collaborative Group Tasks – Pair-Share, Think-Write, Write-Share Mini-Plenary with Critical Thinking Questions – 3 Online Quizzes Assessment Criteria for Outcome Expectations - Rubrics Differentiated Activities for Level Learners - Writing Task by Outcome Extensions to Challenge the High Achievers - Worksheet Plenary to Assess Learning Outcomes - You have 30 Seconds for each Home Learning for Reinforcement – 4 Worksheets with Answers Common Core Standards - ELA-LIT.RL.6-8.1/2/3/4/6 Skills to be addressed during the Lesson - Social and Cognitive Teachers can use this resource to teach the students to analyze a text, thereby helping them to enhance their reading and writing skills. Here are some other possible uses for these in your classroom: To challenge early finishers For effective tutoring As ESL stations and sub tubs As holiday work and homework For small group collaborations For an end of unit assessments For reinforcement and enrichment
COMPARING TEXTS LESSON AND RESOURCES
john421969john421969

COMPARING TEXTS LESSON AND RESOURCES

(0)
A lesson plan that presents teaching and learning resources on reading strategies to compare texts while analyzing the texts. After completing this lesson, the students will be able to: Acquire text comparison skills. Discuss text comparison criteria. Analyse texts to determine what they have in common, and how they differ. This Resource Includes: Well Formulated, Measurable, SMART Objectives and Outcomes Vocabulary Overview - Text Analysis, Text Comparison Flipped Lesson Part - Video - Comparing Texts Engaging and Creative Lesson Starter – Compare and Contrast Success Criteria - Comparing Texts Checklist Scaffolding Notes - Text Comparison Criteria Collaborative Group Tasks – Pair-Share, Think-Write, Write-Share Mini-Plenary with Critical Thinking Questions – 3 Online Quizzes Assessment Criteria for Outcome Expectations - Rubrics Differentiated Activities for Level Learners - Writing Task by Outcome Extensions to Challenge the High Achievers - Online Exercises Plenary to Assess Learning Outcomes - Post-It Notes Home Learning for Reinforcement – 3 Worksheets with Answers Common Core Standards - ELA-LITERACY.RL.6-8.5/RI.6-8.3/9 Skills to be addressed during the Lesson - Social and Cognitive Teachers can use this resource to teach the students to compare two texts, thereby helping them to enhance their reading and writing skills. Here are some other possible uses for these in your classroom: To challenge early finishers For effective tutoring As ESL stations and sub tubs As holiday work and homework For small group collaborations For an end of unit assessments For reinforcement and enrichment
UNDERSTANDING TEXTS LESSON AND RESOURCES
john421969john421969

UNDERSTANDING TEXTS LESSON AND RESOURCES

(0)
A lesson plan that presents teaching and learning resources on reading strategies to understand texts while analyzing the texts. After completing this lesson, the students will be able to: Distinguish words, phrases, clauses, and sentences. Discuss reading tips to understand texts. Read to understand the language of ancient texts in relation to modern ones. This Resource Includes: Well Formulated, Measurable, SMART Objectives and Outcomes Vocabulary Overview - Modern Text, Ancient Text, Understanding Texts Flipped Lesson Part - Video - Reading Difficult Texts Engaging and Creative Lesson Starter – W-P-C-S Chart Success Criteria - Understanding Texts Checklist Scaffolding Notes - Reading Tips to Understand Texts Collaborative Group Tasks – Pair-Share, Think-Write, Write-Share Mini-Plenary with Critical Thinking Questions – 2 Online Quizzes Assessment Criteria for Outcome Expectations - Rubrics Differentiated Activities for Level Learners - Writing Task by Outcome Extensions to Challenge the High Achievers - 3 Online Exercises Plenary to Assess Learning Outcomes - Who Wants to be a Millionaire Home Learning for Reinforcement – 4 Worksheets with Answers Common Core Standards - ELA-LITERACY.RL.6-8.1-4/6/9 Skills to be addressed during the Lesson - Social and Cognitive Teachers can use this resource to teach the students to understand modern and ancient texts, thereby helping them to enhance their reading and writing skills. Here are some other possible uses for these in your classroom: To challenge early finishers For effective tutoring As ESL stations and sub tubs As holiday work and homework For small group collaborations For an end of unit assessments For reinforcement and enrichment
READING COMPREHENSION: EASTER SPECIAL
john421969john421969

READING COMPREHENSION: EASTER SPECIAL

(0)
A Seasonal (Easter) Reading Comprehension Passage with Answer Key. This Resource Includes: 1. Reading Comprehension Passage 2. Paired Questions 3. Answer Key 4. Comprehension Guide Teachers can use this passage to inform students about British life and culture and to enhance the comprehension skills of the learners.
READING EXPOSITORY TEXTS LESSON AND RESOURCES
john421969john421969

READING EXPOSITORY TEXTS LESSON AND RESOURCES

(0)
A lesson plan that presents teaching and learning resources on reading expository texts. After completing this lesson, the students will be able to: Understand the characteristics of expository texts. Discuss the elements of expository text types. Read expository texts to identify and comment on the characteristic language. This Resource Includes: Well Formulated, Measurable, SMART Objectives and Outcomes Vocabulary Overview - Expository Texts Flipped Lesson Part - Video - Reading Expository Texts Engaging and Creative Lesson Starter – Information Gap Success Criteria - Expository Texts Checklist Scaffolding Notes - Characteristics and Elements of Expository Texts Collaborative Group Tasks – Pair-Share, Think-Write, Write-Share Mini-Plenary with Critical Thinking Questions – 3 Online Quizzes Assessment Criteria for Outcome Expectations - Rubrics Differentiated Activities for Level Learners - Writing Task by Outcome Extensions to Challenge the High Achievers - 3 Online Exercises Plenary to Assess Learning Outcomes - Who Wants to be a Millionaire Home Learning for Reinforcement – 4 Worksheets with Answers Common Core Standards - ELA-LITERACY.RI.9-10.1-7 Skills to be addressed during the Lesson - Social and Cognitive Teachers can use this resource to teach the students to read expository texts, thereby helping them to enhance their reading and writing skills. Here are some other possible uses for these in your classroom: To challenge early finishers For effective tutoring As ESL stations and sub tubs As holiday work and homework For small group collaborations For an end of unit assessments For reinforcement and enrichment
CUMULATIVE SENTENCES LESSON AND RESOURCES
john421969john421969

CUMULATIVE SENTENCES LESSON AND RESOURCES

(0)
A lesson plan that presents teaching and learning resources on cumulative sentences. After completing this lesson, the students will be able to: Define cumulative sentences. Identify the main clause and subordinate constructions in a cumulative sentence. Use cumulative sentences in writing to take the reader by surprise. This Resource Includes: Well Formulated, Measurable, SMART Objectives and Outcomes Vocabulary Overview - Sentence, Fragment, Run-on, Cumulative Flipped Lesson Part - Video - Cumulative Sentences Engaging and Creative Lesson Starter – Basketball Questioning Success Criteria - Cumulative Sentence Checklist Collaborative Group Tasks – Pair-Share, Think-Write, Write-Share Scaffolder Notes - Cumulative Sentence Elements Mini-Plenary with Critical Thinking Questions – Online Quiz Assessment Criteria for Outcome Expectations - Rubrics Differentiated Activities for Level Learners - Writing Task by Outcome Extensions to Challenge the High Achievers - Exercise Plenary to Assess Learning Outcomes - Diamond 9 Home Learning for Reinforcement – 4 Worksheets with Answers Common Core Standards - ELA-LITERACY.L.6.1ce/2a/3a/7.1c/3a/8.1d Skills to be addressed during the Lesson - Social and Cognitive Educational Tools and Resources - Connectives, Adverbs, Verbs, Adjectives Teachers can use this resource to teach the students how to use cumulative sentences in their writing, thereby helping them to enhance their writing skills. Here are some other possible uses for these in your classroom: To challenge early finishers For effective tutoring As ESL stations and sub tubs As holiday work and homework For small group collaborations For an end of unit assessments For reinforcement and enrichment
SPECKLED BAND - THRILLER STORY: LESSONS & RESOURCES
john421969john421969

SPECKLED BAND - THRILLER STORY: LESSONS & RESOURCES

(0)
This resource covers the integral, surface and deep features of thriller story comprehension and story analysis. It contains full-on activities and assessments to cover the skills of literacy in an easy, structured, cover-your-bases system. It includes everything you need to get going with a thriller story lesson in your classroom for a week (5 days). This Resource Includes: 1. Lesson Plans & Rubrics on: * Story Elements * Story Setting * Story Characters * Story Plot * Brochure Making 2. Guides & Formats: * Story Analysis Guide * Critical Appreciation Format * Character Description Template * Plot Diagrams 3. Support Material: * Story Genres * Sample Character Sketch * Sample Brochures * Brochure Criteria 4. Lesson Notes on Speckled Band: * Questions & Answers * Story Analysis * Character Description * Plot Analysis * Summary 5. Word Bank: * Active Verbs * Adjective Types * Adverb Types * Connectives 6. Worksheets * Story Setting Exercises (4) * Character Sketch Exercises (2) Teachers can use this to enhance the comprehension skills of the learners, especially the technique required to make a critical appreciation of a story.
FIVE ORANGE PIPS - DETECTIVE STORY: LESSONS & RESOURCES
john421969john421969

FIVE ORANGE PIPS - DETECTIVE STORY: LESSONS & RESOURCES

(0)
This resource covers the integral, surface and deep features of a detective story comprehension and story analysis. It contains full-on activities and assessments to cover the skills of literacy in an easy, structured, cover-your-bases system. It includes everything you need to get going with a detective story lesson in your classroom for a week (5 days). This Resource Includes: 1. Lesson Plans & Rubrics on: * Story Elements * Story Setting * Story Characters * Story Plot * Summary Writing 2. Guides & Formats: * Story Analysis Guide * Critical Appreciation Format * Character Description Template * Plot Diagram * Summarizing Guide 3. Support Material: * Story Genres * Sample Character Sketch * Sample Summary 4. Lesson Notes on Orange Pips * Story Analysis * Character Description * Summary 5. Word Bank: * Active Verbs * Adjective Types * Adverb Types * Connectives 6. Worksheets * Story Setting Exercises (4) * Character Sketch Exercises (2) * Summarizing Exercises (3) Teachers can use this to enhance the comprehension skills of the learners, especially the technique required to make a plot summary, a critical appreciation, and a summary of a story.
EXPOSITORY TEXTS HANDOUTS
john421969john421969

EXPOSITORY TEXTS HANDOUTS

(0)
A compact review of expository texts as reading strategies organized for quick referencing. This Includes: Vocabulary Overview Characteristics of Expository Texts Elements of Expository Texts Assessment Rubrics Teachers can use these handouts as ready reference material to remind the learners about text analysis, thereby helping them to enhance their reading and writing skills. Here are some other possible uses for these in your classroom: To challenge early finishers For effective tutoring As ESL stations and sub tubs As holiday work and homework For small group collaborations For an end of unit assessments For reinforcement and enrichment
ELEGY A LYRIC POEM TO LAMENT LESSON PRESENTATION
john421969john421969

ELEGY A LYRIC POEM TO LAMENT LESSON PRESENTATION

(0)
A lesson presentation that presents teaching and learning resources on elegy. After completing this lesson, the students will be able to: Recognize the elements of Elegy. Spot the phrases that express the author’s feelings in a text. Analyse whether the given text is an Elegy. This Resource Includes: Well Formulated, Measurable, SMART Objectives and Outcomes Vocabulary Overview - Elegy Flipped Lesson Part - Video - What is an Elegy? Engaging and Creative Lesson Starter – Topic Key Words Success Criteria - Elegy Checklist Scaffolded Notes - Basic Elegy Elements Collaborative Group Tasks – Pair-Share, Think-Write, Write-Share Mini-Plenary with Critical Thinking Questions – 3 Online Quizzes Assessment Criteria for Outcome Expectations - Rubrics Differentiated Activities for Level Learners - Writing Task by Outcome Extensions to Challenge the High Achievers - Memoirs Plenary to Assess Learning Outcomes - PQE Technique Home Learning for Reinforcement – 3 Worksheets and Online Exercises Common Core Standards - ELA-LITERACY.L.6.5/7.5a/8.5/9-10.3 Skills to be addressed during the Lesson - Social and Cognitive Educational Tools and Resources - Adverbs, Verbs, Adjectives Teachers can use this resource to teach the students to identify poems as elegy, thereby helping them to enhance their reading and vocabulary skills. Here are some other possible uses for these in your classroom: To challenge early finishers For effective tutoring As ESL stations and sub tubs As holiday work and homework For small group collaborations For an end of unit assessments For reinforcement and enrichment
STEAM LESSON PRESENTATION ON ECOTOURISM THROUGH INFORMATION TEXT
john421969john421969

STEAM LESSON PRESENTATION ON ECOTOURISM THROUGH INFORMATION TEXT

(0)
A STEAM Lesson Presentation that presents Teaching Resources on five different Information Text Types - Description; Problem and Solution; Compare and Contrast; Cause and Effect; Sequence - based on Ecotourism. This presentation presents ready to use resources that will help you to walk into the classroom with ready to teach confidence as it covers all that you need for a STEAM lesson through Information Text. This Presentation Includes: 1. Engaging and Creative Lesson Starter – Match the Definition to Term 2. Well Formulated, Measurable, SMART Objectives and Outcomes 3. Overview of Vocabulary used for the Lesson - Ecotourism, Information Texts 4. Real Life Application and Cross-Curriculum Links 5. Flipped Lesson Part - Video on Understanding Text Structures & Ecotourism 6. Space for Peer Teaching - Information Text Structures 7. Mini-Plenary with Critical Thinking Questions – 7 Questions 8. Scaffolded Notes to Enhance the Learner Outcome - Samples 9. Collaborative Group Task – Pair-Share-Plan with Templates 10. Assessment Criteria and Rubrics to state Outcome Expectations 11. Differentiated Activities for Level Learners - 5 Exercises 12. Plenary to Assesses Learning Outcomes - Quiz 13. Success Criteria for Self Evaluation 14. Home Learning for Reinforcement - STEAM Projects - 2 15. Common Core Curriculum Standards - CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.W.6-8.2.a-f 16. Skills to be addressed during the Lesson - Social and Cognitive 17. Educational Tools and Resources to Scaffold the Low Achievers Teachers can use this presentation to give a complete knowledge and understanding of Ecotourism through Information Text Types to the learners, thereby helping them to enhance their writing skills.
ADVERTISEMENT DESIGNING LESSON PRESENTATION
john421969john421969

ADVERTISEMENT DESIGNING LESSON PRESENTATION

(0)
A lesson presentation that presents teaching and learning resources on advertisement designing. After completing this lesson, the students will be able to: Gain understanding of the features of advertisements. Analyse advertisements based on persuasive techniques. Find out what makes an effective advertisement. Plan and design an advertisement. This Resource Includes: Well Formulated, Measurable, SMART Objectives and Outcomes Vocabulary Overview - What is Advertising? Flipped Lesson Part - Video - What is Proofreading? Engaging and Creative Lesson Starter – Audience of the Ads Success Criteria - Advertising Checklist Scaffolding Notes - Advertising Features Collaborative Group Tasks – Pair-Share, Think-Write, Write-Share Mini-Plenary with Critical Thinking Questions – Online Quiz Assessment Criteria for Outcome Expectations - Rubrics Differentiated Activities for Level Learners - Writing Task by Outcome Extensions to Challenge the High Achievers - Worksheet Plenary to Assess Learning Outcomes - Plenary Placards Home Learning for Reinforcement – 4 Task Cards Common Core Standards - ELA-LITERACY.W.9-10.1abcd/2/4 Skills to be addressed during the Lesson - Social and Cognitive Educational Tools and Resources - Adverbs, Verbs, Adjectives Teachers can use this resource to teach the students to design advertisement, thereby helping them to enhance their skills. Here are some other possible uses for these in your classroom: To challenge early finishers For effective tutoring As ESL stations and sub tubs As holiday work and homework For small group collaborations For an end of unit assessments For reinforcement and enrichment
CUMULATIVE SENTENCES HANDOUT
john421969john421969

CUMULATIVE SENTENCES HANDOUT

(0)
A compact review of cumulative sentences organized for quick referencing. This Includes: Vocabulary Overview Cumulative Sentence Elements Assessment Rubrics Teachers can use these handouts as ready reference material to remind the learners about cumulative sentences, thereby helping them to enhance their language skills. Here are some other possible uses for these in your classroom: To challenge early finishers For effective tutoring As ESL stations and sub tubs As holiday work and homework For small group collaborations For an end of unit assessments For reinforcement and enrichment
SENTENCE WORD ORDER WORKSHEETS WITH ANSWERS
john421969john421969

SENTENCE WORD ORDER WORKSHEETS WITH ANSWERS

(0)
A package of 11 worksheets with answers on the sentence word order. This resource includes exercises on: Differentiating phrase and clause from sentence Identifying the word order from sentence structure Framing sentences using question clues Framing sentences based on sentence structure Demonstrating word order knowledge in sentence writing Identifying sentence types Reordering sentences Identifying subject, verb, and object in sentences Teachers can use these task cards to enhance the vocabulary, language, grammar, and writing skills of the learners. Here are some other possible uses for these in your classroom: To challenge early finishers For effective tutoring As ESL stations and sub tubs As holiday work and homework For small group collaborations For an end of unit assessments For reinforcement and enrichment
CUMULATIVE SENTENCES BUNDLE
john421969john421969

CUMULATIVE SENTENCES BUNDLE

4 Resources
A bundle of 4 resources on cumulative sentences. This bundle includes: Handouts: Vocabulary, Sentence Elements, Rubrics Worksheets, Exercises, and Task Cards Lesson Plan with Resources Ready to use PowerPoint Presentation Teachers can use these ready-made resources to enhance the vocabulary, language, grammar, and writing skills of the learners. Here are some other possible uses for these in your classroom: To challenge early finishers For effective tutoring As ESL stations and sub tubs As holiday work and homework For small group collaborations For an end of unit assessments For reinforcement and enrichment