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Chemistry
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Electrolysis - Edexcel IGCSE Chemistry
Complete lesson and workbook
Content
Understand why covalent compounds do not conduct
electricity
Understand why ionic compounds conduct electricity only when molten or in solution
Know that anion and cation are terms used to refer to negative and positive ions respectively
Describe experiments to investigate electrolysis, using inert electrodes, of molten compounds (including lead(II) bromide) and aqueous solutions (including sodium chloride, dilute sulfuric acid and copper(II) sulphate) and to predict the
products electricity
Write ionic half-equations representing the reactions at the electrodes during electrolysis and understand why these reactions are classified as oxidation or reduction
Know that most metals are extracted from ores found in the Earth’s crust and that unreactive metals are often found as the uncombined element carbon
Explain how the method of extraction of a metal is related to its position in the reactivity series, illustrated by carbon extraction for iron and electrolysis for aluminium
Be able to comment on a metal extraction process, given appropriate information detailed knowledge of the processes used in the extraction of a specific metal is not required
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Alcohols - Edexcel IGCSE Chemistry
Complete Lessons and workbook
Content
Know that alcohols contain the functional group OH
Understand how to draw structural and displayed formulae for methanol, ethanol, propanol (propan-1-ol only) and butanol (butan-1-ol only), and name each compound (the names propanol and butanol are acceptable)
Know that ethanol can be manufactured by:
reacting ethene with steam in the presence of a phosphoric
acid catalyst at a temperature of about 300 oC and a pressure
of about 60–70 atm
2.the fermentation of glucose, in the absence of air, at an
optimum temperature of about 30 oC and using the enzymes in
yeast oxide
Know that ethanol can be oxidised by:
burning in air or oxygen (complete combustion)
reaction with oxygen in the air to form ethanoic acid (microbial oxidation)
heating with potassium dichromate(VI) in dilute sulfuric acid to form ethanoic acid
Know that carboxylic acids contain the functional group COOH
Understand how to draw structural and displayed formulae for unbranched chain carboxylic acids with up to four carbon atoms in the molecule, and name each compound
Describe the reactions of aqueous solutions of carboxylic acids with metals and metal carbonates
Know that vinegar is an aqueous solution containing ethanoic
acid
Know that esters contain the functional group COOR
Know that ethyl ethanoate is the ester produced when ethanol
and ethanoic acid react in the presence of an acid catalyst
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Energetics - Edexcel IGCSE Chemistry
Complete lessons and workbook
Content
Know that chemical reactions in which heat energy is given out are described as exothermic and those in which heat energy is taken in are endothermic
Describe simple calorimetry experiments for reactions such as
combustion, displacement, dissolving and neutralisation
Calculate the heat energy from a measured temperature change
using the expression Q = mcΔT
Calculate molar enthalpy change (ΔH ) from heat energy change Q
Draw and explain energy level diagrams to represent
exothermic and endothermic reactions
Know that bond-breaking is an endothermic process and that
bond-making is exothermic
Use bond energies to calculate the enthalpy change during a
chemical reaction
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Acids and Bases - Edexcel IGCSE Chemistry
Complete lessons and workbook
Content
Describe the use of litmus, phenolphthalein and methyl orange
to distinguish between acidic & alkaline solutions
Understand how to use the pH scale, from 0–14, to classify
solutions as strongly acidic (0-3), weakly acidic (4-6), neutral (7),
weakly alkaline (8-10) and strongly alkaline (11-14)
Describe the use of Universal Indicator to measure the
approximate pH value of an aqueous solution
Know that acids in aqueous solution are a source of hydrogen
ions and alkalis in an aqueous solution are sources of hydroxide
ions
Know that metal oxides, metal hydroxides and ammonia can be
classified as bases and that alkalis are bases that are soluble in
water
Know that bases can neutralise acids
Understand acids and bases in terms of proton transfer and that
an acid is a proton donor and a base is a proton acceptor
Understand how to use acid-base character of oxides to classify
elements as metals or non-metals
Describe the combustion of elements in oxygen, including
magnesium, hydrogen and sulfur
Describe the reactions of hydrochloric, sulfuric and nitric acids
with:
metals (but not with nitric acid)
bases
metal carbonates
Describe an experiment to prepare a pure, dry sample of a
soluble salt starting from an insoluble reactant
Describe an experiment to prepare a pure, dry sample of a
soluble salt starting from an acid and an alkali
Describe an experiment to prepare a pure, dry sample of an
insoluble salt starting from two soluble reactants
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Calculation 2 - Edexcel IGCSE Chemistry
Complete lessons and workbook
Content
Understand how the formulae of simple compounds can be btained experimentally, including metal oxides, water and alts containing water of crystallisation
Know what is meant by the terms empirical and molecular ormula
Calculate empirical and molecular formulae from xperimental data
Calculate reacting masses using experimental data and hemical equations
Calculate percentage yield
Describe the formation of carbon dioxide from the thermal ecomposition of metal carbonates, including copper (II) arbonate
Understand how to carry out calculations involving gas olumes and the molar volume of a gas (24 dm3 and 24,000 m3 at room temperature and pressure (rtp))
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Testing for Ions - Edexcel IGCSE Chemistry
Content
Understanding the general rules for predicting the solubility of salts
in water:
all common sodium, potassium and ammonium salts are
soluble
all nitrates are soluble
3.common chlorides are soluble, except silver chloride
common sulfates are soluble, except those of barium and
calcium
5.common carbonates are insoluble, except those of sodium,
potassium and ammonium
Describing simple tests for the cations (positive ions): Cu2+, Fe2+ , Fe3+ and NH4+ using sodium hydroxide solution
Describe simple tests for the anions (negative ions): Cl-, Br- and I-, using dilute nitric acid and silver nitrate solution
SO42-, using dilute hydrochloric acid and barium chloride
solution
CO32-, using dilute hydrochloric acid and identifying the carbon
dioxide evolved
Writing word and symbol (full and ionic) equations for these tests
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Rates of Reaction - Edexcel IGCSE Chemistry
Content
Describing experiments to investigate the effects of changes in
surface area of a solid, concentration of solutions, temperature
and the use of a catalyst on the rate of a reaction
Describing the effects of changes in surface area of a solid,
concentration of solutions, pressure of gases, temperature and
the use of a catalyst on the rate of a reaction
Explaining the effects of changes in surface area of a solid,
concentration of solutions, pressure of gases and temperature
on the rate of a reaction in terms of particle collision theory
Knowing that a catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of a
reaction, but is chemically unchanged at the end of the reaction
Knowing that a catalyst works by providing an alternative pathway
with lower activation energy
Skills
Drawing and explaining reaction profile diagrams showing ΔH and
activation energy
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Alkenes and Alkanes- Edexcel IGCSE Chemistry
Topics
Understanding how to represent organic molecules using empirical, molecular, structural, displayed and general formulae
Knowing what is meant by the terms homologous series, functional group and isomerism
Understanding how to name compounds relevant to this specification for compounds containing up to six carbon atoms
Knowing that alkanes have the general formula CnH2n+2
Explaining why alkanes are classified as saturated hydrocarbons
Knowing that alkenes contain the functional group >C=C<
Knowing the general formula for alkenes CnH2n
Explaining why alkenes are classified as unsaturated hydrocarbons
Understanding how to write possible structural and displayed formulae of an organic molecule given its molecular formula
Understanding how to draw the structural and displayed formulae for alkanes with up to five carbon atoms in a molecule, and to name the unbranched isomers
Describing the reactions of alkanes with halogens in the presence of UV light and classify them as substitution reactions (limited to mono-substitution)
Understanding how to draw structural and displayed formulae for alkenes with up to four carbon atoms and name unbranched- chain isomers cis/trans or E/Z is not required
Describing the reactions of alkenes with bromine to produce dibromoalkanes
Describing how bromine water can be used to distinguish between an alkane and an alkene
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Introductory Ideas - Edexcel IGCSE Chemistry
Topics
Understanding how to classify a substance as an element, a compound or a mixture
Knowing what is meant by the terms atom and molecule and understand that not all substances exist as molecules
Knowing the names and symbols of common elements
Knowing that the Periodic Table is an arrangement of elements in groups and periods
Understanding what is meant by a chemical formula, including use of brackets (not water of crystallisation at this stage)
Naming simple binary compounds (including use of mono, di, tri etc (but not oxidation state at this stage)
Understanding the use of word equations to describe chemical reactions
Understanding what is meant by state symbols s, l, g and aq
Describing a test for the presence of water using of anhydrous copper(II) sulfate
Describing a physical test to show whether a sample of water is pure
Knowing that elements can be classified as metals and non-metals according to their position in the Periodic Table and their electrical conductivity
Appreciating that the name of some chemical compounds do not follow a system and know the name and formula of water, ammonia, methane, hydrochloric, sulphuric and nitric acids
Recognising and name common atom groupings, restricted to hydroxide, ammonium, carbonate, sulphate and nitrate (no information about ions or charges at this stage)
Understanding what is meant by a balanced chemical equation and be able to write balanced equations given sufficient information about the formulae of reactants and products
Describing tests for these gases:
• hydrogen
• oxygen
• carbon dioxide
• ammonia
• chlorine
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Edexcel IGCSE Chemistry - Redox and Reactivity
Topics
Understanding the following in terms of gain or loss of oxygen and loss or gain of electrons:
• Oxidation
• Reduction
• Redox
• Oxidising agent
• Reducing agent
Knowing the approximate percentages by volume of the four most abundant gases in dry air
Knowing the conditions under which iron rusts
Understanding how the rusting of iron may be prevented by barrier methods, galvanizing and sacrificial protection
Understanding how to determine the percentage by volume of oxygen in air using experiments involving the reactions of metals (e.g. iron) and non-metals (e.g. phosphorus)
Understanding how metals can be arranged in a reactivity series based on their reactions with:
• Water
• Dilute hydrochloric or sulfuric acid
Understanding how metals can be arranged in a reactivity series based on their displacement reactions between:
• Metals and metal oxides
• Metals and aqueous solutions of metal salts
Knowing the order of reactivity of these metals: potassium, sodium, lithium, calcium, magnesium, aluminium, zinc, iron, copper, silver, gold