How effective was Early Modern law enforcement? [#7] An exploration of the changes and continuities in methods of law enforcement during the Early Modern period, adapted for the Pearson Edexcel GCSE (9-1) Paper 1 - Thematic Study w/ Historic Environment. See my TES shop for other lesson and bundle offers! Suitable as a standalone lesson or within the scheme of work! Overview: Students will explore the changes and continuities in methods of law enforcement during the Early Modern period. Specifically, they will understand the continued role of the community in protecting communities, and gain an insight into the role of town constables and night watchmen. The lesson culminates in a short exam-style question, to help embed their learning. Suitability: Designed for Key Stage 4 (Years 10 – 11), but highly suitable for upper-KS3. Approximate Delivery Time: 50 – 60 Minutes What will you get? Exam Question Focus - Embeded exam-style questions to familiarise students with the assessment phase, and success criteria. PowerPoint Presentation – Fully scaffolded PPT to support teaching. Note: The PPT may contain animations / clips. Scaffolded Worksheets – Printable worksheets to support teaching activities to a range of abilities. Adaptive Teaching Strategies – An adaptable lesson for a range of learning abilities, with a variety of activities (i.e., whiteboards; think-pair-share; stretch-and-challenge activities). Focus on Language - Tier 3 vocabulary is highlighted and defined throughout, to support disciplinary understanding.

Why was the Bloody Code introduced? [#8] An exploration into to the Bloody Code, introduced during the Early Modern period, adapted for the Pearson Edexcel GCSE (9-1) Paper 1 - Thematic Study w/ Historic Environment. See my TES shop for other lesson and bundle offers! Suitable as a standalone lesson or within the scheme of work! Overview: In this lesson, students will investigate features of the Bloody Code, introduced during the Early Modern period. Students will understand how an increasing number of crimes became punishable by death, and analyse the reasons or factors that influenced the introduction of the Bloody Code (i.e., preservation of power, media sensationalism etc.). Suitability: Designed for Key Stage 4 (Years 10 – 11), but highly suitable for upper-KS3. Approximate Delivery Time: 50 – 60 Minutes What will you get? Exam Question Focus - Embeded exam-style questions to familiarise students with the assessment phase, and success criteria. PowerPoint Presentation – Fully scaffolded PPT to support teaching. Note: The PPT may contain animations / clips. Scaffolded Worksheets – Printable worksheets to support teaching activities to a range of abilities. Adaptive Teaching Strategies – An adaptable lesson for a range of learning abilities, with a variety of activities (i.e., whiteboards; think-pair-share; stretch-and-challenge activities). Focus on Language - Tier 3 vocabulary is highlighted and defined throughout, to support disciplinary understanding.

Why were vagabonds punished so harshly? [#3] An insight into vagabondage during the Early Modern Period , adapted for the Pearson Edexcel GCSE (9-1) Paper 1 - Thematic Study w/ Historic Environment. See my TES shop for other lesson and bundle offers! Suitable as a standalone lesson or within the scheme of work! Overview: Students will explore the growth of vagabondage in Early Modern England. Specifically, they will examine the way in which vagabonds were seen and punished at different times. They will also analyse the factors which influenced growing fears / concerns about vagabonds. Suitability: Designed for Key Stage 4 (Years 10 – 11), but highly suitable for upper-KS3. Approximate Delivery Time: 50 – 60 Minutes What will you get? Exam Question Focus - Embeded exam-style questions to familiarise students with the assessment phase, and success criteria. PowerPoint Presentation – Fully scaffolded PPT to support teaching. Note: The PPT may contain animations / clips. Scaffolded Worksheets – Printable worksheets to support teaching activities to a range of abilities. Adaptive Teaching Strategies – An adaptable lesson for a range of learning abilities, with a variety of activities (i.e., whiteboards; think-pair-share; stretch-and-challenge activities). Focus on Language - Tier 3 vocabulary is highlighted and defined throughout, to support disciplinary understanding.

How have the police modernised since c.1900? [#3] An exploration into the role and technology of the police since c.1900, adapted for the Pearson Edexcel GCSE (9-1) Paper 1 - Thematic Study w/ Historic Environment. See my TES shop for other lesson and bundle offers! Suitable as a standalone lesson or within the scheme of work! Overview: Students will examine how the police have modernised since c.1900. This lesson has a particular focus on technological developments, and the impact that this has had on police efficiency. This sets students up well to look at the diversity of roles in the police (see following lesson on TES). Suitability: Designed for Key Stage 4 (Years 10 – 11), but highly suitable for upper-KS3. Approximate Delivery Time: 50 – 60 Minutes What will you get? Exam Question Focus - Embeded exam-style questions to familiarise students with the assessment phase, and success criteria. PowerPoint Presentation – Fully scaffolded PPT to support teaching. Note: The PPT may contain animations / clips. Scaffolded Worksheets – Printable worksheets to support teaching activities to a range of abilities. Adaptive Teaching Strategies – An adaptable lesson for a range of learning abilities, with a variety of activities (i.e., whiteboards; think-pair-share; stretch-and-challenge activities). Focus on Language - Tier 3 vocabulary is highlighted and defined throughout, to support disciplinary understanding.

How did the treatment of young offenders change in the 20th C.? [#6] An exploration into the evolving methods of treatment for young offenders c.1900, adapted for the Pearson Edexcel GCSE (9-1) Paper 1 - Thematic Study w/ Historic Environment. See my TES shop for other lesson and bundle offers! Suitable as a standalone lesson or within the scheme of work! Overview: Students will explore the way in which punishments and prison systems have evolved for young people since c.1900, with an eye on Borstals, Approved Schools, Attendance Centres, and Youth Detention Centres. Students will also encounter BBC footage of Young Offender’s Institutions whilst considering the extent of change. The lessons students to trace the evolving nature of punishments for young offenders, and analyse the reasons why changes have taken place during the course of the century. Suitability: Designed for Key Stage 4 (Years 10 – 11), but highly suitable for upper-KS3. Approximate Delivery Time: 50 – 60 Minutes What will you get? Exam Question Focus - Embeded exam-style questions to familiarise students with the assessment phase, and success criteria. PowerPoint Presentation – Fully scaffolded PPT to support teaching. Note: The PPT may contain animations / clips. Scaffolded Worksheets – Printable worksheets to support teaching activities to a range of abilities. Adaptive Teaching Strategies – An adaptable lesson for a range of learning abilities, with a variety of activities (i.e., whiteboards; think-pair-share; stretch-and-challenge activities). Focus on Language - Tier 3 vocabulary is highlighted and defined throughout, to support disciplinary understanding.

How did the British increase their influence in India? [#3] Lesson #3 of 6 lessons towards the enquiry: “Why did the Indians mutiny in 1857?” [Concept: Cause & Consequence]. See my TES shop for other lesson and bundle offers! Suitable as a standalone lesson or within a scheme of work! Overview: In this lesson, students will explore the gradual expansion of the British East India Company in India. Specifically, students will analyse how the EIC used a combination of diplomacy and military aggression to expand their authority across the sub-continent. Students will also encounter, as well as develop their own, interpretations about the foreign policy of the EIC, in order to broaden their conceptual skills. Suitability: Designed for Key Stage 3 (Years 7 – 9), but possibly suitable for KS4. Approximate Delivery Time: 50 – 60 Minutes What will you get? PowerPoint Presentation – Fully scaffolded PPT to support teaching. Note: The PPT may contain animations / clips. Worksheets – Printable worksheets to support teaching activities. Adaptive Teaching Strategies – An adaptable lesson for a range of learning abilities, with a variety of activities (i.e., whiteboards; think-pair-share; stretch-and-challenge activities).

How did British rule change India between 1829 - 57? [#4] Lesson #4 of 6 lessons towards the enquiry: “Why did the Indians mutiny in 1857?” [Concept: Cause & Consequence]. See my TES shop for other lesson and bundle offers! Suitable as a standalone lesson or within a scheme of work! Overview: In this lesson, students will explore the British domestic policy in India, between 1829 - 1857. Specifically, students will investigate a range of British reforms, based on aims to “modernise” and “Christianise” India. Following this, by encountering authentic Indian voices, students are prompted to think critically about the way Indians might have received these changes. This will enable them to engage on a deeper level with the overall enquiry question, as they can discern long-term causes. Suitability: Designed for Key Stage 3 (Years 7 – 9), but possibly suitable for KS4. Approximate Delivery Time: 50 – 60 Minutes What will you get? PowerPoint Presentation – Fully scaffolded PPT to support teaching. Note: The PPT may contain animations / clips. Worksheets – Printable worksheets to support teaching activities. Adaptive Teaching Strategies – An adaptable lesson for a range of learning abilities, with a variety of activities (i.e., whiteboards; think-pair-share; stretch-and-challenge activities).

Life in Industrial London - Sources Utility [#5] Lesson #5 of 5 lessons towards the enquiry: “What was the truth about life in Industrial London?” [Concept: Historical Evidence]. See my TES shop for other lesson and bundle offers! Suitable as a standalone lesson or within a scheme of work! Overview: Used as an assessment lesson / ‘Big Write’. This lesson prompts students to assess the utility of a source, using the COP (Content, Own knowledge, Provenance) method. There is ample scaffolding and modelling so that students can make good progress. Suitability: Designed for Key Stage 3 (Years 7 – 9), but possibly suitable for KS4. Approximate Delivery Time: 50 – 60 Minutes What will you get? PowerPoint Presentation – Fully scaffolded PPT to support teaching. Note: The PPT may contain animations / clips. Worksheets – Printable worksheets to support teaching activities. Adaptive Teaching Strategies – An adaptable lesson for a range of learning abilities, with a variety of activities (i.e., retreival; stretch-and-challenge activities).

Extended Writing: Why was the world unable to keep peace after 1918? [#6] Lesson #6 of 6 lessons towards the enquiry: “Why was the world unable to keep peace after 1918?” [Concept: Cause & Consequence]. See my TES shop for other lesson and bundle offers! Suitable as a standalone lesson or within a scheme of work! Overview: Building on students’ understanding of the terms of the Treaty of Versailles; the rise of Fascism and Nazism in Europe; the Great Depression; and the failures of the League of Nations; students are prompted to write an extended argument about the most significant cause/s of WWII. This lessons scaffolds the structure and language of high-quality extended writing for students. The lesson also ensures that students have an opportunity to provide and engage with peer feedback. Suitability: Designed for Key Stage 3 (Years 8 – 9), but possibly suitable for KS4. Approximate Delivery Time: 50 – 60 Minutes (or as a double if students are completing extended writing). What will you get? PowerPoint Presentation – Fully scaffolded PPT to support teaching. Note: The PPT may contain animations / clips. Worksheets – Printable worksheets to support teaching activities. Adaptive Teaching Strategies – An adaptable lesson for a range of learning abilities, with a variety of activities (i.e., whiteboards; think-pair-share; stretch-and-challenge activities).

Experiences of Slavery - How did the enslaved succeed in resisting their treatment? [#4] Lesson #4 of 4 lessons towards the enquiry: “What was the experience of enslaved people?” [Concept: Evidence]. See my TES shop for other lesson and bundle offers! Suitable as a standalone lesson or within a scheme of work! Overview: Used as an assessment lesson / ‘Big Write’. This lesson prompts students to assess the utility of a source, using the COP (Content, Own Knowledge, Provenance) method. There is ample scaffolding and modelling so that students can make good progress. The sources used include a “Runaway” advert, an extract of Equiano’s autobiography and “The Old Plantation” painting. This variety enables students to draw on and apply their knowledge of the Middle Passage, Slave Societies and Resistance. Note: In line with recent guidance, these lessons ensure that students frequently encounter historically marginalised voices. Sources have been chosen carefully in order to give students the fullest understanding, though may include sensitive language / imagery. Pre-checking slides is strongly advised in order to prepare for this. Suitability: Designed for Key Stage 3 (Years 7 – 9), but highly suitable for KS4 Approximate Delivery Time: 50 – 60 Minutes What will you get? • PowerPoint Presentation – Fully scaffolded PPT to support teaching. Note: The PPT may contain animations / clips. • Scaffolded Worksheets – Printable worksheets to support teaching activities to a range of abilities. Multiple options of the same worksheet are provided. • Adaptive Teaching Strategies – An adaptable lesson for a range of learning abilities, with a variety of activities (i.e., whiteboards; think-pair-share; stretch-and-challenge activities). • Inclusive Language - Inclusive terminology is used throughout, in line with disciplinary guidance.

What crimes were committed in Anglo-Saxon England? [#2] An exploration of Anglo-Saxon society and criminal activity, adapted for the Pearson Edexcel GCSE (9-1) Paper 1 - Thematic Study w/ Historic Environment. See my TES shop for other lesson and bundle offers! Suitable as a standalone lesson or within the scheme of work! Overview: This lesson introduces students to the structure of Anglo-Saxon society (specifically on hierarchy and lifestyle). Students then explore contemporary sources to identify different crimes, and think critically the severity of these by the standards of the time. This prepares students well for analysing the changes brought about by the Normans. Suitability: Designed for Key Stage 4 (Years 10 – 11), but highly suitable for upper-KS3. Approximate Delivery Time: 50 – 60 Minutes What will you get? Exam Question Focus - Embeded exam-style questions to familiarise students with the assessment phase, and success criteria. PowerPoint Presentation – Fully scaffolded PPT to support teaching. Note: The PPT may contain animations / clips. Scaffolded Worksheets – Printable worksheets to support teaching activities to a range of abilities. Multiple options of the same worksheet are provided. Adaptive Teaching Strategies – An adaptable lesson for a range of learning abilities, with a variety of activities (i.e., whiteboards; think-pair-share; stretch-and-challenge activities). Focus on Language - Tier 3 vocabulary is highlighted and defined throughout, to support disciplinary understanding.

How did the Normans adapt law enforcement? [#5] An exploration into Norman methods of law enforcement, adapted for the Pearson Edexcel GCSE (9-1) Paper 1 - Thematic Study w/ Historic Environment. See my TES shop for other lesson and bundle offers! Suitable as a standalone lesson or within the scheme of work! Overview: Following on from a study of crimes and methods of punishment in Norman England, students will familiarise themselves with the way in which law enforcement was adapted under the Normans (i.e., new trial by combat, Church courts etc). Students will also evaluate change and continuity as a whole, thinking critically about why the Normans kept certain Saxon systems, and replaced others. This can be used as a precursor to an exam-style change & continuity exercise (see Lesson #6). Suitability: Designed for Key Stage 4 (Years 10 – 11), but highly suitable for upper-KS3. Approximate Delivery Time: 50 – 60 Minutes What will you get? Exam Question Focus - Embeded exam-style questions to familiarise students with the assessment phase, and success criteria. PowerPoint Presentation – Fully scaffolded PPT to support teaching. Note: The PPT may contain animations / clips. Scaffolded Worksheets – Printable worksheets to support teaching activities to a range of abilities. Multiple options of the same worksheet are provided. Adaptive Teaching Strategies – An adaptable lesson for a range of learning abilities, with a variety of activities (i.e., whiteboards; think-pair-share; stretch-and-challenge activities). Focus on Language - Tier 3 vocabulary is highlighted and defined throughout, to support disciplinary understanding.

How did the Normans change crime and punishment? [#4] An exploration of new crimes (by definition) and punishments in Norman England, adapted for the Pearson Edexcel GCSE (9-1) Paper 1 - Thematic Study w/ Historic Environment. See my TES shop for other lesson and bundle offers! Suitable as a standalone lesson or within the scheme of work! Overview: This lesson refamiliarises students with elements of the Norman conquest; specifically the way in which William consolidated his power by dealing harshly with rebellions, building castles and restructuring society. Students then look at how new crimes and punishments were introduced after the Norman Conquest (1066). This can be used as a precursor for a change & continuity exam-style question. Suitability: Designed for Key Stage 4 (Years 10 – 11), but highly suitable for upper-KS3. Approximate Delivery Time: 50 – 60 Minutes What will you get? Exam Question Focus - Embeded exam-style questions to familiarise students with the assessment phase, and success criteria. PowerPoint Presentation – Fully scaffolded PPT to support teaching. Note: The PPT may contain animations / clips. Scaffolded Worksheets – Printable worksheets to support teaching activities to a range of abilities. Multiple options of the same worksheet are provided. Adaptive Teaching Strategies – An adaptable lesson for a range of learning abilities, with a variety of activities (i.e., whiteboards; think-pair-share; stretch-and-challenge activities). Focus on Language - Tier 3 vocabulary is highlighted and defined throughout, to support disciplinary understanding.

Justice in Norman England - Exam Practice [#6] A lesson prompting students to respond to a 16 mark exam-style question: “‘The Normans made significant changes to Anglo-Saxon justice.’” How far do you agree with this statement?” Adapted for the Pearson Edexcel GCSE (9-1) Paper 1 - Thematic Study w/ Historic Environment. See my TES shop for other lesson and bundle offers! Suitable as a standalone lesson or within the scheme of work! Overview: Building on their engagement with law and justice in Anglo-Saxon and Norman England, the students are prompted to respond to a 16 mark exam-style question. This lesson enables students to plan their response, and models / scaffolds the structure and success criteria for them to succeed. The lesson also familiarises students with the Pearson Edexcel mark scheme. Suitability: Designed for Key Stage 4 (Years 10 – 11), but highly suitable for upper-KS3. Approximate Delivery Time: 50 – 60 Minutes What will you get? Exam Question Focus - Embeded exam-style questions to familiarise students with the assessment phase, and success criteria. PowerPoint Presentation – Fully scaffolded PPT to support teaching. Note: The PPT may contain animations / clips. Scaffolded Worksheets – Printable worksheets to support teaching activities to a range of abilities. Multiple options of the same worksheet are provided. Adaptive Teaching Strategies – An adaptable lesson for a range of learning abilities, with a variety of activities (i.e., whiteboards; think-pair-share; stretch-and-challenge activities). Focus on Language - Tier 3 vocabulary is highlighted and defined throughout, to support disciplinary understanding.

Expansion of Slavery - Extended Writing (Causation) [#4] Lesson #4 of 4 lessons towards the enquiry: “Why did the trade in enslaved people expand during the 17th Century?” [Concept: Cause & Consequence]. See my TES shop for other lesson and bundle offers! Suitable as a standalone lesson or within a scheme of work! Overview: Consolidating knowledge about the Triangular Trade, contemporary justifications for slavery and how the trade benefited ordinary Britons, this lesson prompts student to write an extended answer to the enquiry question: “Why did the trade in enslaved people expand during the 17th Century?”. This lesson does not require you to have used the other lessons in my scheme of work; if students already have some knowledge of the slave trade this lesson is suitable. Note: This mini-scheme of lessons should be used as a precusor to an enquiry about the experiences of enslaved Africans in Britain and the Americas. In line with recent guidance, it is vital that historically marginalised voices reemerge within the school curriculum. This mini-scheme helps build a contextual understanding of the slave trade, and why it was so popular. Suitability: Designed for Key Stage 3 (Years 7 – 9), but possibly suitable for KS4. Approximate Delivery Time: 50 – 60 Minutes What will you get? PowerPoint Presentation – Fully scaffolded PPT to support teaching. Note: The PPT may contain animations / clips. Alternative assessment activity for mixed / lower-ability groups. Worksheets – Printable worksheets to support writing (with sentence starters / conceptual word banks). Adaptive Teaching Strategies – An adaptable lesson for a range of learning abilities, with a variety of activities (i.e., whiteboards; think-pair-share; stretch-and-challenge activities). Inclusive Language - Inclusive terminology is used throughout, in line with disciplinary guidance.

How did society change during the Early Modern Period? [#1] An introduction to crime and punishment in the Early Modern Period, adapted for the Pearson Edexcel GCSE (9-1) Paper 1 - Thematic Study w/ Historic Environment. See my TES shop for other lesson and bundle offers! Suitable as a standalone lesson or within the scheme of work! Overview: Having studied the Middle Ages, this lesson aims to introduce students to the Early Modern Period. Specifically, it equips students with a contextual understanding of the period, before they examine the changes and continuities in crime and punishment in more depth. In this lesson, students will explore the way in which society changed, with a focus on religious and political turmoil, and the changes in economy. Suitability: Designed for Key Stage 4 (Years 10 – 11), but highly suitable for upper-KS3. Approximate Delivery Time: 50 – 60 Minutes What will you get? Exam Question Focus - Embeded exam-style questions to familiarise students with the assessment phase, and success criteria. PowerPoint Presentation – Fully scaffolded PPT to support teaching. Note: The PPT may contain animations / clips. Scaffolded Worksheets – Printable worksheets to support teaching activities to a range of abilities. Adaptive Teaching Strategies – An adaptable lesson for a range of learning abilities, with a variety of activities (i.e., whiteboards; think-pair-share; stretch-and-challenge activities). Focus on Language - Tier 3 vocabulary is highlighted and defined throughout, to support disciplinary understanding.

Why was there a ‘witch-finding’ craze in the 17th Century? [#4] An insight into the factors behind the witch-craze of the seventeenth century, adapted for the Pearson Edexcel GCSE (9-1) Paper 1 - Thematic Study w/ Historic Environment. See my TES shop for other lesson and bundle offers! Suitable as a standalone lesson or within the scheme of work! Overview: Students will gain a contextual understanding about the growing hysteria around “witches” during the Early Modern Period. Specifically, students will analyse the factors for this growth (i.e., individuals such as Matthew Hopkins, or the media including James I’s Daemonology). This lesson can be used as a precursor to a 12-mark “Explain why…” question or another piece of extended writing (see my TES shop). Suitability: Designed for Key Stage 4 (Years 10 – 11), but highly suitable for upper-KS3. Approximate Delivery Time: 50 – 60 Minutes What will you get? Exam Question Focus - Embeded exam-style questions to familiarise students with the assessment phase, and success criteria. PowerPoint Presentation – Fully scaffolded PPT to support teaching. Note: The PPT may contain animations / clips. Video Clip - Link to a trailer for “The Witchfinder General”, from Screenbound Pictures. Scaffolded Worksheets – Printable worksheets to support teaching activities to a range of abilities. Adaptive Teaching Strategies – An adaptable lesson for a range of learning abilities, with a variety of activities (i.e., whiteboards; think-pair-share; stretch-and-challenge activities). Focus on Language - Tier 3 vocabulary is highlighted and defined throughout, to support disciplinary understanding.

Was the law too harsh on poachers, between c.1700 - c.1900? [#4] An exploration into the laws on poaching during the Industrial Age, adapted for the Pearson Edexcel GCSE (9-1) Paper 1 - Thematic Study w/ Historic Environment. See my TES shop for other lesson and bundle offers! Suitable as a standalone lesson or within the scheme of work! Overview: In this lesson, students investigate the activities of poachers between c.1700 - c.1900. They will also reflect on whether poaching as a capital crime was too brutal, creating criteria for their own judgement using contextual information (i.e. they type of people poaching, the black market etc.). The lesson culminates with an exam-style question, where students can consider similarities in societal attitudes towards different crimes, such as smuggling. Suitability: Designed for Key Stage 4 (Years 10 – 11), but highly suitable for upper-KS3. Approximate Delivery Time: 50 – 60 Minutes What will you get? Exam Question Focus - Embeded exam-style questions to familiarise students with the assessment phase, and success criteria. PowerPoint Presentation – Fully scaffolded PPT to support teaching. Note: The PPT may contain animations / clips. Scaffolded Worksheets – Printable worksheets to support teaching activities to a range of abilities. Adaptive Teaching Strategies – An adaptable lesson for a range of learning abilities, with a variety of activities (i.e., whiteboards; think-pair-share; stretch-and-challenge activities). Focus on Language - Tier 3 vocabulary is highlighted and defined throughout, to support disciplinary understanding.

How did the use of prisons change during the 19th C.? [#6] An insight into the changing nature and purpose of prisons between c.1700 - c.1900, adapted for the Pearson Edexcel GCSE (9-1) Paper 1 - Thematic Study w/ Historic Environment. See my TES shop for other lesson and bundle offers! Suitable as a standalone lesson or within the scheme of work! Overview: Students start the lesson with a reminder about the purpose of prisons during the Early Modern period. Students then examine the evolving nature and purpose of prisons during the 1800s, including the so-called New System, Separate System and Silent System. They are prompted to analyse the advantages, disadvantages and purpose of each system. Suitability: Designed for Key Stage 4 (Years 10 – 11), but highly suitable for upper-KS3. Approximate Delivery Time: 50 – 60 Minutes What will you get? Exam Question Focus - Embeded exam-style questions to familiarise students with the assessment phase, and success criteria. PowerPoint Presentation – Fully scaffolded PPT to support teaching. Note: The PPT may contain animations / clips. Scaffolded Worksheets – Printable worksheets to support teaching activities to a range of abilities. Adaptive Teaching Strategies – An adaptable lesson for a range of learning abilities, with a variety of activities (i.e., whiteboards; think-pair-share; stretch-and-challenge activities). Focus on Language - Tier 3 vocabulary is highlighted and defined throughout, to support disciplinary understanding.