Written by an experienced Law Examiner, this set of student notes on “Views on Morality” is invaluable any any students and teachers of A Level Law. The Handout explores the relationship between law and morality, focusing on the Hart-Devlin debate and various legal theorists’ views. Hart vs. Devlin on Law and Morality: Hart argued that law should remain separate from morality, while Devlin believed law should enforce moral standards. Sources of Morality: Morality can be influenced by family, media, religion, and education, and while some aspects can be enforced, others cannot. Paternalist vs. Liberal Views: Paternalists argue that law should guide and protect people, while liberals believe law should not interfere in private lives. Functions of Law: Summers and Raz identified practical functions of law such as providing remedies, prohibiting harmful conduct, and settling disputes. Hart’s Distinction Between Legal and Moral Rules: Hart distinguished legal rules, which can be changed and enforced by authorities, from moral rules, which are subject to social pressure and personal sacrifice. Fuller’s Guidelines for Law: Fuller proposed that laws should be well-considered, known, understandable, consistent, and not require the impossible, among other criteria.

This is a model answer, written by an experienced Law Examiner, to the question, “What is the association between law and morality?”. It is 4-pages or 1500 words long and provides an insight in how to answer questions on this difficult topic. It includes all of the main legal theorists such as Bentham and Rawls and can be adapted to suit other questions on the topic.

This is a 6-page “model answer” written by an experienced Examiner, to the question “What is the association between law and justice?” The Handout discusses various theories of justice, including Natural Law, Positivism, Distributive Justice, Corrective Justice, Utilitarianism, and Social Justice. It highlights the differing views of theorists like Aristotle, Karl Marx, Jeremy Bentham, and John Rawls on how justice should be achieved and applied in society. The document also examines the application of these theories in procedural and substantive law, and concludes that justice is a subjective concept, with different interpretations leading to varying outcomes in legal cases. An invaluable aid to the study of Law and Justice.

This is a 22-page student Handout/Worksheet on the various theories of Justice. Written by an experienced Examiner in Law and used with classes with excellent results. A summary of the Handout is below: The document discusses various legal cases and theories of justice, exploring different perspectives on fairness and legal principles. Case of Reeves: Two men convicted of receiving stolen goods received different sentences; one was fined £25 in the Magistrates’ Court, while the other, who elected for a jury trial, was sentenced to nine months in prison but was released after serving three months due to the perceived disparity in sentencing. Perelman’s Justice Theories: C. H. Perelman identified six meanings of justice, including formal and substantive justice. His ideas emphasize the importance of following correct procedures and ensuring that the rules themselves are just. Beycan Case: The Court of Appeal quashed Beycan’s conviction for supplying heroin because he was not informed of his right to legal advice, violating Perelman’s principles of justice. Promissory Estoppel: Lord Denning introduced the concept of promissory estoppel in the case of Central London Property v High Trees House to ensure substantive justice, preventing a party from going back on a promise if others have relied on it in good faith. Aristotle’s Justice: Aristotle’s theories of distributive and corrective justice are illustrated through cases like Jebson v Ministry of Defence and Beswick v Beswick, emphasizing proportionate compensation and restoring balance. Utilitarianism: Utilitarianism, associated with Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill, focuses on maximizing happiness for the greatest number, but it faces criticism for potentially justifying immoral acts if they increase overall happiness. John Rawls’ Theory: John Rawls’ theory of justice emphasizes fairness through the ‘veil of ignorance’ and includes the principles of liberty and the difference principle, which aims to benefit the least well-off members of society. The Handout contains questions and exercises throughout and gives a thorough examination of the topic.

This is a 16-page student Handout and activity sheet which covers a vital topic in A2 Law. Written by an experienced Examiner and used with his classes over the years. Here’s a summary of the document: The Handoutt discusses the relationship between law and morality, focusing on the Sexual Offences Act (1967) and the case of DPP v Knuller (1972). It explores how legal decisions reflect societal changes and moral debates. Sexual Offences Act (1967): The Sexual Offences Act (1967) partially decriminalized homosexual acts between consenting adults over 21 in private, following the recommendations of the Wolfenden Report (1957). Wolfenden Report: The Wolfenden Report recommended decriminalizing private homosexual acts between consenting adults over 21, sparking significant public debate and influencing the Sexual Offences Act. Homosexual Law Reform Society: The Homosexual Law Reform Society, founded in 1958, aimed to persuade Parliament to reform laws on homosexuality, highlighting the societal shift in moral values. Law Lords’ Decision: In DPP v Knuller, the Law Lords upheld the conviction for conspiracy to corrupt public morals but quashed the conviction for outrage public decency, citing the need to consider contemporary standards. Case of Re A (Children): The case of Re A (Children) involved the separation of conjoined twins, with the Court of Appeal deciding based on the lesser of two evils, emphasizing the moral complexities in legal decisions. Pretty and Purdy Cases: The cases of Pretty and Purdy addressed the issue of assisted suicide, with courts emphasizing that changes to the law are a matter for Parliament, not the judiciary.

This is an 11-slide explainer of the history and significance of Remembrance Day. It is suitable for use in PSHE or Citizenship classes or could even be used with History groups. It is aimed at 11-14 year olds and there are speakers’ notes and review questions at the end, which could be used as the basis of discussion. This is a summary of the contents of the PowerPoint: Origins: Remembrance Sunday began in 1919 to honor those who died in WWI. Significance: It is a day to honor all who died in wars and conflicts, observed worldwide. Symbols: The poppy symbolizes remembrance, inspired by ‘In Flanders Fields’. Two Minute Silence: Observed at 11am to reflect on sacrifices made by fallen soldiers. Global Observance: Remembrance Sunday includes ceremonies, parades, and moments of silence.

A 26-page student Handout which represents everything students need to know about Substantive, Procedural Justice and Equity. Written by an experienced Examiner and delivered to his classes successfully over many years. The document explores various aspects of justice, including substantive and procedural justice, equity, and the role of judicial review in holding public bodies accountable. Substantive Justice: Substantive justice examines the content of laws and measures them against fundamental principles like fairness and morality. Equity in Law: Equity fills gaps in common law by providing remedies where common law is insufficient, as illustrated by historical cases and principles. Equitable Remedies: Equitable remedies include freezing injunctions, search orders, and orders of specific performance, which compel defendants to act or refrain from certain actions. Case Study: Ryan Giggs: Ryan Giggs sought an injunction to prevent the publication of private information, highlighting the complexities and breaches of such orders. Case Study: Tinsley v Milligan: The case illustrates the tension between equitable ownership and illegal actions, with the House of Lords ruling in favor of Milligan despite her fraudulent behavior. Damages in Civil Law: Damages aim to restore the claimant’s financial position, with special and general damages addressing specific and non-specific losses respectively. Judicial Review: Judicial review allows courts to assess the lawfulness of public body decisions, serving as a critical check on governmental power. Controversy Over Judicial Review Reforms: Proposed reforms to judicial review have sparked debate, with critics arguing that they undermine the ability to hold the government accountable.

This is an introduction to the complex topic of Law and Justice. It is designed to be distributed to students and it includes questions and activities and also provides a “model answer” to a common question on the topic. The Handout is structured as follows: Definitions of Justice: Justice is associated with fairness, equality, and the proper administration of the law, with various perspectives provided by philosophers like Aristotle, Bentham, Rawls, and Nozick. Aristotle’s View: Aristotle divides justice into distributive justice, concerning the fair allocation of resources, and corrective justice, dealing with rectifying wrongs. Bentham’s Utilitarian Approach: Bentham’s utilitarian idea of justice aims to achieve the greatest happiness for the greatest number, though it has limitations. Rawls’s Theory: Rawls emphasizes fairness and equality, focusing on protecting the least advantaged members of society. Nozick’s Conservative View: Nozick offers a conservative alternative, focusing on individual rights and the minimal state. Case Studies: Several case studies illustrate the complexities of achieving justice, highlighting issues such as disproportionate punishments and the ethical implications of severe penalties. Barriers to Justice: Barriers include the unrepresentative legal profession, limited access to legal advice and representation, and biases in the administration of justice. Legal Theories’ Insights: Legal theories provide insights into the relationship between law and justice, with various definitions highlighting different dimensions like formal/procedural justice and substantive justice.

This is a 40/50-minute PowerPoint presentation on the GunPowder Plot, consisting of 14 slides. It is aimed at 14-16 year-olds but could be delivered to younger groups including Primary pupils. The presentation includes speakers notes and no further work would be required by the teacher. Contents of presentation: The plot was orchestrated by Guy Fawkes and a group of Catholic conspirators who planned to blow up the House of Lords during the State Opening of Parliament. The failure of the plot led to further persecution of Catholics in England and had a profound impact on English society. The presentation also covers the aftermath of the plot, including the introduction of the Observance of 5th November Act, which required an annual public thanksgiving from 1606 to 1859. Despite the repeal of the act, the tradition of bonfires and fireworks continued, and Guy Fawkes Night is still celebrated in the UK to this day. Additionally, the presentation discusses the history and significance of fireworks. Fireworks were invented in China and were initially used for entertainment and to scare away evil spirits. They have since become a symbol of celebration and are used to commemorate significant events, including the failure of the Gunpowder Plot. The presentation concludes by highlighting the impact of the Gunpowder Plot on English society and the importance of understanding this historical event to gain a deeper appreciation of English culture and history.

These FREE activity sheets accompany the 4 PowerPoint presentations which make up the Unit, Principles of Customer Service. These sheets should be downloaded by anyone who purchases ANY of the 4 PowerPoints for this Unit.

This is a 26-slide PowerPoint presentation which covers the whole of the 4th of 4 parts of Business Level 2, Unit 4 - Principles of Customer Service. It is designed for the EDEXCEL Specification but could be used with any students of customer service. Please download the FREE activity sheets which accompany these PowerPoints. Search for “Level 2 activity sheets”. This PowerPoint covers: Customer Service: Essential skills include good manners, appropriate dress, and positive attitude. Communication: Effective communication involves both verbal and non-verbal elements. Handling Queries: Always be polite, show empathy, and keep customers informed. Dealing with Complaints: Listen carefully, offer alternatives, and escalate serious issues. Authority Limits: Different roles have specific limits on actions like refunds and free products. This is the 4th of 4 Powerpoints which will, together, cover the whole Unit.

This is a 10-slide PowerPoint presentation which covers the whole of the third of 4 parts of Business Level 2, Unit 4 - Principles of Customer Service. It is designed for the EDEXCEL Specification but could be used with any students of customer service. Please download the FREE activity sheets which accompany these PowerPoints. Search for “Level 2 activity sheets”. This PowerPoint covers: Who are your Customers? The focus is on identifying and understanding different types of customers. It categorizes customers into two main types: internal customers and external customers. The presentation also highlights the main differences between internal and external customers, such as their relationship with the organization and their needs. It discusses customers with special requirements, including non-English speakers, different age groups, different cultures, gender differences, families, and customers with special needs. Additionally, it covers factors that impact different customer service expectations, such as the customer’s age, culture, public image of the business, and disposable income. The presentation includes activities and review questions to reinforce the concepts discussed. This is the 3rd of 4 Powerpoints which will, together, cover the whole Unit.

This is a 19-slide PowerPoint presentation which covers the whole of the second of 4 parts of Business Level 2, Unit 4 - Principles of Customer Service. It is designed for the EDEXCEL Specification but could be used with any students of customer service. Please download the FREE activity sheets which accompany these PowerPoints. Search for “Level 2 activity sheets”. This PowerPoint covers: Customer Service: Effective customer service involves monitoring feedback and adhering to industry and organizational codes. Legal Compliance: Businesses must comply with legal standards, including health and safety, sale of goods, data protection, and equal opportunities. Ethical Standards: Maintaining ethical standards is crucial, such as not misleading customers or withholding valid refunds. Organizational Procedures: Following procedures ensures consistent service, competitive edge, and alignment with mission statements. Risk Management: Minimizing hazards and risks involves identifying potential dangers and taking steps to mitigate them. This is the 2nd of 4 Powerpoints which will, together, cover the whole Unit.

This is a 40-slide PowerPoint presentation which covers the whole of the first of 4 parts of Business Level 2, Unit 4 - Principles of Customer Service. It is designed for the EDEXCEL Specification but could be used with any students of customer service. Please download the FREE activity sheets which accompany these PowerPoints. Search for “Level 2 activity sheets”. The presentation covers the principles and importance of customer service in business. It starts by defining customer service as all the ways a business meets customer expectations to satisfy customers. It highlights various customer service roles, both direct (e.g., receptionists, call centre workers) and indirect (e.g., cleaners, engineers). The presentation also discusses different types of customer service, such as face-to-face service in hotels and restaurants, and remote customer service for online businesses. It emphasises the importance of teamwork in providing good customer service and the need for consistent and reliable service. Customer satisfaction is another key topic, with a focus on how businesses can satisfy customers through techniques like providing extra services, accuracy, and value for money. The presentation also covers the benefits of good customer service, such as increased sales, profit, and customer retention. There are several activities throughout the presentation, including identifying customer service roles, comparing good and bad customer service experiences, and reviewing techniques for providing customer satisfaction. This is the 1st of 4 Powerpoints which will, together, cover the whole Unit.

This is a 17-slide presentation which includes a video of the famous balcony scene from the RSC as well as question practice and a topic for debate. There are also pointers as to how to answer the debate question. This is an invaluable resource written by an experienced Examiner and used in classes many times. It is aimed at GCSE students but would be suitable for any scholars of the play! The presentation explores the love and tragedy in Shakespeare’s masterpiece, “Romeo and Juliet,” and provides guidance on answering common examination questions. It covers the characterization of key characters such as Romeo, Juliet, Tybalt, and Mercutio, highlighting their traits and roles in the play. The famous balcony scene is analyzed, focusing on themes, language, and character development. The presentation also offers tips on structuring answers for exam questions, emphasizing the importance of practice and preparation. Additionally, it delves into the major themes of the play, including love, fate, and the conflict between individual desire and societal expectations. Symbolism, such as stars, the moon, roses, and swords, is discussed to illustrate the play’s deeper meanings. Language techniques like metaphor, simile, and symbolism are explained with examples from the text. The presentation concludes with pointers for debate and comparison essays, encouraging critical analysis and a deeper understanding of the play.

One lesson of around 60 minutes duration. Use as an Introduction to the play OR as a revision aid when the play has been studied. 6 pages. This Guide is designed for students and teachers of the play and has been written by an experienced Examiner. Used with many students across the years. Here’s a summary of the document: This study guide for AQA English Literature GCSE covers William Shakespeare’s “Romeo and Juliet,” providing an overview of the plot, characters, themes, and potential examination questions. Main Characters: The main characters include Romeo Montague, Juliet Capulet, Friar Laurence, Mercutio, Tybalt Capulet, the Nurse, Paris, Prince Escalus, Lord and Lady Capulet, and Lord and Lady Montague. Character Development Questions: Potential examination questions explore the development of characters such as Romeo, Juliet, and Friar Laurence, focusing on their growth, decisions, and impacts on the plot. Themes and Motifs: Key themes include fate versus free will, light and darkness, and conflict. Examination questions may ask students to analyze these themes and their significance. Context and Interpretation: Questions may address the social and historical context of Verona, gender and societal expectations, and the significance of the play’s ending. Literary Devices: Students might be asked to identify and analyze dramatic irony, foreshadowing, and poetic language used in the play. Conclusion of Study Guide: The guide emphasizes understanding the plot, characters, and themes for a deeper analysis and appreciation of “Romeo and Juliet”. *** Example Examination Question: An example question provided in the guide discusses the development of Romeo’s character, with a detailed plan on how to structure the answer.**

This is a 5-page Handout which represents a “model answer” to the question: “How does Shakespeare treat death in ‘Romeo and Juliet?’” It is designed as a complete lesson and should last around 60-minutes in terms of delivery. The answer is structured as follows: William Shakespeare’s “Romeo and Juliet” intricately explores the theme of death, intertwining it with love, fate, conflict, and transformation. Foreshadowing and Premonitions: Shakespeare uses premonitions and dreams to foreshadow the impending deaths of Romeo and Juliet, heightening the sense of foreboding and dramatic irony. The Role of Fate and Destiny: Fate and destiny play significant roles, with the characters often attributing their misfortunes to fate, suggesting that their lives are governed by external forces beyond their control. It is an invaluable resource for any students and teachers of the play.

A summary table of the arguments for and against Britain’s “First-past-the-post” election system. FULLY UPDATED to refelect the results in 2024. PLUS Questions to use with your students and outline answers. This is an invaluable resource for teachers of Politics, Citizenship or similar subjects. It is a Handout over 3 pages and is designed to be taught over approximately 60 minutes.