<p>Attachment 4.1.3 Animal studies<br /> Animal Studies of Attachment: Lorenz, Imprinting and the Greylag Geese inc. sexual imprinting<br /> Evaluation inc. Guiton (1966)<br /> Harlow (1958) classic study and evaluations inc. (Howe 1998)<br /> Explanations of attachment: Learning theory inc. Dollard &amp; Miller (1950)<br /> Classical conditioning recap, Operant conditioning inc drive reduction Sears et al (1957)<br /> Evaluation: Reciprocity and interactional synchrony<br /> Dale Hay and Jo Vespo (1988) newer learning theory<br /> Explanations of attachment: Bowlby’s theory inc internal working model and continuity hypothesis<br /> Social releasers and the critical period<br /> Evaluation ref Schaffer and Emerson (1964)<br /> Caregiver-Infant Interactions inc reciprocity (Feldman 2007) and interactional synchrony (Meltzoff and Moore 1977, Isabella 1989)<br /> Evaluation of reciprocity and interactional synchrony<br /> The Role of the Father: Bowlby and evaluation;Schaffer and Emerson (1964) , Grossman (2002), Field (1978), MacCallum and Golombok (2004)<br /> Schaffer’s stages of attachment: Schaffer &amp; Emerson(1964) full breakdown and evaluations<br /> Ainsworth’s ‘Strange situation’ : Ainsworth and Bell (1969) full breakdown, types and evaluations<br /> Cross-Cultural Variations in attachment type ref to Ainsworth<br /> Explantion individualistic and collectivist cultures with examples<br /> Van Ijzendoorn &amp; Kroonenberg (1988) meta-analysis of Strange Situation studies, complete breakdown and evalautions<br /> Other studies of cultural variations: Simonella et al (2014), Jin et al (2012)<br /> 16 marker with exam break down and marks<br /> Bowlby’s Maternal Deprivation Hypothesis: John Bowlby (1951)<br /> Separation vs deprivation and the critical period<br /> Effects on development:Intellectual Goldfarb (1955), Emotional Bowlby’s 44 Thieves Study (1944)<br /> Evaluations; Czech Twins Case Study – (Koluchová, 1976)<br /> Effects of Institutionalisation; Bowlby’s Maternal Deprivation hypothesis<br /> Rutter (1998) – Romanian Orphans - complete breakdown<br /> The Bucharest Early Intervention Project - Zeanah et al. (2005)<br /> Effects of institutionalisation; Disinhibited attachment,<br /> Evaluation of Research into the Effects of Institutionalisation - PEE paragraphs<br /> The Influence of Early Attachments on Later Relationships - Bowlby (1969), Attachment type (Kerns 1994), bullying (Rowan Myron-Wilson and Peter Smith 1998)<br /> Relationships in Adulthood with Romantic Partners: Gerard McCarthy (1999), The Love Quiz Hazen and Shaver (1987)<br /> Relationships in Adulthood as a Parent: Bailey et al (2007)<br /> Evaluations of influence of attachment on adult relationships<br /> Scenarios throughout and potential exam questions for this topic at the end.</p>

<p>What is memory?<br /> Research on coding Baddeley (1966a, 1966b) with evaluation,<br /> Research on capacity Joseph Jacobs (1887) digit-span technique, Miller (1956) with evaluation<br /> Research on duration STM Peterson and Peterson (1959), LTM Bahrick et al (1975) with evaluations.<br /> Multi-store model (1968, 1971) Atkinson and Shiffrin with evaluation, case study of HM<br /> Shallice and Warrington (1970) and case study of KF<br /> More than one type of rehearsal Craik and Watkins (1973)<br /> Types of Long-term Memory: episodic memory, semantic memory and procedural memory.  <br /> Tulving (1972) episodic research, defintions of semantic and procedural<br /> Evaluation: Clinical evidence Clive Wearing<br /> Evaluation: Neuroimaging evidence Tulving et al (1994)<br /> Useful applications Belleville et al (2006)<br /> Evaluation : Limitations, Three types of LTM or two? Cohen and Squire (1980)<br /> The Working Memory Model BADDELEY &amp; HITCH (1974) explanation and case study support<br /> Dual task performance Baddeley &amp; Hitch (1976)<br /> Evaluations: Lack of clarity over the central executive, Support for phonological loop Baddeley et al (1975)<br /> Clinical evidence Braver et al. (1997)<br /> Explanations for forgetting: Interference theory and Retrieval failure theory.<br /> Interference theory: proactive and retroactive.<br /> Effects of Similarity: (McGeoch &amp; McDonald, 1931)<br /> Real-life application: Burke and Skrull (1988)<br /> Evaluation: Evidence from lab studies PEEL paragraph<br /> Evaluation: Artificial materials PEEL paragraph<br /> Evaluation: Real-life studies PEEL paragraph<br /> Accessibility or availability? Endel Tulving and Psotka (1971)<br /> Retrieval failure theory: tip of the tongue phenomenon<br /> Encoding specificity principle (ESP) Tulving (1983)<br /> Context dependent remembering and forgetting – External cues Godden &amp; Baddeley (1975), Aggleton and Waskett (1999<br /> Questioning context effects: Baddeley (1997), Godden and Baddeley (1980)<br /> State dependent remembering and forgetting Carter &amp; Cassaday (1998):<br /> Evaluations: Michael Eysenck 2010, problems with the ESP<br /> Scenarios given throughout, revision web link, study tips and potential exam questions for this topic at the end.</p>

<p>Complete topic for AS and A Level - specification AQA.<br /> Six Powerpoints included covering the topics-<br /> Types of conformity: internalisation, identification and compliance. Explanations for conformity: informational social influence and normative social influence, and variables affecting conformity including group size, unanimity and task difficulty as investigated by Asch.<br /> Conformity to social roles as investigated by Zimbardo.<br /> Explanations for obedience: agentic state and legitimacy of authority, and situational variables affecting obedience including proximity and location, as investigated by Milgram, and uniform. Dispositional explanation for obedience: the Authoritarian Personality.<br /> Explanations of resistance to social influence, including social support and locus of control.<br /> Minority influence including reference to consistency, commitment and flexibility.<br /> The role of social influence processes in social change.</p> <p>Scenarios given throughout the PPs and potential exam questions for topics at the end.</p>