Hero image

LondonScienceTeacher's Shop

Average Rating4.67
(based on 15 reviews)

I've been teaching Science across all key stages (3-5). Teaching and learning leader.

210Uploads

22k+Views

7k+Downloads

I've been teaching Science across all key stages (3-5). Teaching and learning leader.
Respiration - Anaerobic respiration - KS3 Biology
sciencelondonteachersciencelondonteacher

Respiration - Anaerobic respiration - KS3 Biology

(0)
Summary: Recall what happens in anaerobic respiration Describe the effects of anaerobic respiration during and after hard exercise PLEASE READ BEFORE PURCHASING My lessons follow the learning objectives of Exploring Science: Working Scientifically Student Book Year 8 by Pearson. This powerpoint is working towards Edexcel national curriculum but follows the overall national curriculum suitable for schools that teach towards AQA, OCR curriculum also. ✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰ My Lessons include: Visually appealing graphics that encourage engagement throughout a lesson. ‘Do now/Starter’ activities with music to encourage fast and easy settling as the pupils arrive to lesson. Progress steps: By having the student’s track their own progress, it creates ownership of goal achievement. The graphic representation of the students’ progress can be highly motivating. If improvements are not achieved, students can reflect on what changes need to be made to the intervention plan. Peer and self-assessments (AfL) encouraging use of green pen self-assessment and purple pen peer assessment . This can be edited to meet the expectations of your school policy Formative assessments to consolidate learning throughout (exam-style questioning, linking questions) Plenary activities. Extensions and challenge questions to reach higher ability students. On screen timers to aid lesson plan and pupil focus. Implementing subject specific key words throughout to encourage literacy ✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰ music credit to: golden-summer-lenny-b-fortune-cookie-main-version-31904-02-13.mp3 Range of used icons credit to: Flaticon
Aerobic respiration - Breathing & Respiration - KS3 Biology
sciencelondonteachersciencelondonteacher

Aerobic respiration - Breathing & Respiration - KS3 Biology

(0)
Lesson summary: Recall what happens in aerobic respiration PLEASE READ BEFORE PURCHASING My lessons follow the learning objectives of Exploring Science: Working Scientifically Student Book Year 8 by Pearson. This powerpoint is working towards Edexcel national curriculum but follows the overall national curriculum suitable for schools that teach towards AQA, OCR curriculum also. ✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰ My Lessons include: Visually appealing graphics that encourage engagement throughout a lesson. ‘Do now/Starter’ activities with music to encourage fast and easy settling as the pupils arrive to lesson. Progress steps: By having the student’s track their own progress, it creates ownership of goal achievement. The graphic representation of the students’ progress can be highly motivating. If improvements are not achieved, students can reflect on what changes need to be made to the intervention plan. Peer and self-assessments (AfL) encouraging use of green pen self-assessment and purple pen peer assessment . This can be edited to meet the expectations of your school policy Formative assessments to consolidate learning throughout (exam-style questioning, linking questions) Plenary activities. Extensions and challenge questions to reach higher ability students. On screen timers to aid lesson plan and pupil focus. Implementing subject specific key words throughout to encourage literacy ✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰ music credit to: Summer Adventure by DPmusic Range of used icons credit to: Flaticon
Gas exchange system - Breathing & Respiration - KS3 Biology
sciencelondonteachersciencelondonteacher

Gas exchange system - Breathing & Respiration - KS3 Biology

(0)
Summary: Recall the function of the organs in the gas exchange system Explain how the structure of the lungs allows efficient gas exchange Describe the effects of exercise on breathing and heartbeat rates Describe how substances reach respiring cells from the blood and how waste products are returned to the blood Describe the causes, and explain the effects of reduced oxygen supply on the body 8Cb and 8Cc PLEASE READ BEFORE PURCHASING My lessons follow the learning objectives of Exploring Science: Working Scientifically Student Book Year 8 by Pearson. This powerpoint is working towards Edexcel national curriculum but follows the overall national curriculum suitable for schools that teach towards AQA, OCR curriculum also. ✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰ My Lessons include: Visually appealing graphics that encourage engagement throughout a lesson. ‘Do now/Starter’ activities with music to encourage fast and easy settling as the pupils arrive to lesson. Progress steps: By having the student’s track their own progress, it creates ownership of goal achievement. The graphic representation of the students’ progress can be highly motivating. If improvements are not achieved, students can reflect on what changes need to be made to the intervention plan. Peer and self-assessments (AfL) encouraging use of green pen self-assessment and purple pen peer assessment . This can be edited to meet the expectations of your school policy Formative assessments to consolidate learning throughout (exam-style questioning, linking questions) Plenary activities. Extensions and challenge questions to reach higher ability students. On screen timers to aid lesson plan and pupil focus. Implementing subject specific key words throughout to encourage literacy ✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰ music credit to: Summer Adventure by DPmusic Range of used icons credit to: Flaticon
Absorption in the small intestion - Digestion - KS3 Biology
sciencelondonteachersciencelondonteacher

Absorption in the small intestion - Digestion - KS3 Biology

(0)
Summary: Explain how diffusion enables absorption by the small intestine Explain how the small intestine is adapted to its function PLEASE READ BEFORE PURCHASING My lessons follow the learning objectives of Exploring Science: Working Scientifically Student Book Year 8 by Pearson. This powerpoint is working towards Edexcel national curriculum but follows the overall national curriculum suitable for schools that teach towards AQA, OCR curriculum also. ✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰ My Lessons include: Visually appealing graphics that encourage engagement throughout a lesson. ‘Do now/Starter’ activities with music to encourage fast and easy settling as the pupils arrive to lesson. Progress steps: By having the student’s track their own progress, it creates ownership of goal achievement. The graphic representation of the students’ progress can be highly motivating. If improvements are not achieved, students can reflect on what changes need to be made to the intervention plan. Peer and self-assessments (AfL) encouraging use of green pen self-assessment and purple pen peer assessment . This can be edited to meet the expectations of your school policy Formative assessments to consolidate learning throughout (exam-style questioning, linking questions) Plenary activities. Extensions and challenge questions to reach higher ability students. On screen timers to aid lesson plan and pupil focus. Implementing subject specific key words throughout to encourage literacy ✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰ music credit to: Summer Adventure by DPmusic Range of used icons credit to: Flaticon
Digestion - KS3 Biology - Science
sciencelondonteachersciencelondonteacher

Digestion - KS3 Biology - Science

(0)
Summary: Recall the parts of the digestive system and their functions Explain why enzymes and bacteria are useful for digestion LEASE READ BEFORE PURCHASING My lessons follow the learning objectives of Exploring Science: Working Scientifically Student Book Year 8 by Pearson. This powerpoint is working towards Edexcel national curriculum but follows the overall national curriculum suitable for schools that teach towards AQA, OCR curriculum also. ✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰ My Lessons include: Visually appealing graphics that encourage engagement throughout a lesson. ‘Do now/Starter’ activities with music to encourage fast and easy settling as the pupils arrive to lesson. Progress steps: By having the student’s track their own progress, it creates ownership of goal achievement. The graphic representation of the students’ progress can be highly motivating. If improvements are not achieved, students can reflect on what changes need to be made to the intervention plan. Peer and self-assessments (AfL) encouraging use of green pen self-assessment and purple pen peer assessment . This can be edited to meet the expectations of your school policy Formative assessments to consolidate learning throughout (exam-style questioning, linking questions) Plenary activities. Extensions and challenge questions to reach higher ability students. On screen timers to aid lesson plan and pupil focus. Implementing subject specific key words throughout to encourage literacy ✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰ music credit to: Summer Adventure by DPmusic Range of used icons credit to: Flaticon
Balanced diets - Malnutrition - KS3 Biology - Science
sciencelondonteachersciencelondonteacher

Balanced diets - Malnutrition - KS3 Biology - Science

(0)
Summary of lesson: Describe the benefits of a balanced diet Explain how different types of malnutrition are caused and their effects PLEASE READ BEFORE PURCHASING My lessons follow the learning objectives of Exploring Science: Working Scientifically Student Book Year 8 by Pearson. This powerpoint is working towards Edexcel national curriculum but follows the overall national curriculum suitable for schools that teach towards AQA, OCR curriculum also. ✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰ My Lessons include: Visually appealing graphics that encourage engagement throughout a lesson. ‘Do now/Starter’ activities with music to encourage fast and easy settling as the pupils arrive to lesson. Progress steps: By having the student’s track their own progress, it creates ownership of goal achievement. The graphic representation of the students’ progress can be highly motivating. If improvements are not achieved, students can reflect on what changes need to be made to the intervention plan. Peer and self-assessments (AfL) encouraging use of green pen self-assessment and purple pen peer assessment . This can be edited to meet the expectations of your school policy Formative assessments to consolidate learning throughout (exam-style questioning, linking questions) Plenary activities. Extensions and challenge questions to reach higher ability students. On screen timers to aid lesson plan and pupil focus. Implementing subject specific key words throughout to encourage literacy ✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰ music credit to: Summer Adventure by DPmusic Range of used icons credit to: Flaticon
Uses for nutrients - Food and lifestyle - KS3 Biology
sciencelondonteachersciencelondonteacher

Uses for nutrients - Food and lifestyle - KS3 Biology

(0)
Summary of lesson: Recall good sources of different nutrients Describe how factors change the amount of energy we need Describe what each nutrient does in the body PLEASE READ BEFORE PURCHASING My lessons follow the learning objectives of Exploring Science: Working Scientifically Student Book Year 8 by Pearson. This powerpoint is working towards Edexcel national curriculum but follows the overall national curriculum suitable for schools that teach towards AQA, OCR curriculum also. ✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰ My Lessons include: Visually appealing graphics that encourage engagement throughout a lesson. ‘Do now/Starter’ activities with music to encourage fast and easy settling as the pupils arrive to lesson. Progress steps: By having the student’s track their own progress, it creates ownership of goal achievement. The graphic representation of the students’ progress can be highly motivating. If improvements are not achieved, students can reflect on what changes need to be made to the intervention plan. Peer and self-assessments (AfL) encouraging use of green pen self-assessment and purple pen peer assessment . This can be edited to meet the expectations of your school policy Formative assessments to consolidate learning throughout (exam-style questioning, linking questions) Plenary activities. Extensions and challenge questions to reach higher ability students. On screen timers to aid lesson plan and pupil focus. Implementing subject specific key words throughout to encourage literacy ✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰ music credit to: Summer Adventure by DPmusic
Nutrition - KS3 Biology and health Science
sciencelondonteachersciencelondonteacher

Nutrition - KS3 Biology and health Science

(0)
Summary: Nutrition - KS3 Biology and health Science Recall the nutrients we need in our diet Recall the tests used to detect some nutrients My lessons follow the learning objectives of Exploring Science: Working Scientifically Student Book Year 8 by Pearson. Geared towards Edexcel curriculum but follows the national curriculum suitable for schools that teach towards AQA, OCR curriculum also. ✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰ My Lessons include: Visually appealing graphics that encourage engagement throughout a lesson. ‘Do now/Starter’ activities with music to encourage fast and easy settling as the pupils arrive to lesson. Progress steps: By having the student’s track their own progress, it creates ownership of goal achievement. The graphic representation of the students’ progress can be highly motivating. If improvements are not achieved, students can reflect on what changes need to be made to the intervention plan. Peer and self-assessments (AfL) encouraging use of green pen self-assessment and purple pen peer assessment . This can be edited to meet the expectations of your school policy Formative assessments to consolidate learning throughout (exam-style questioning, linking questions) Plenary activities. Extensions and challenge questions to reach higher ability students. On screen timers to aid lesson plan and pupil focus. Implementing subject specific key words throughout to encourage literacy ✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰ music credit to: Summer Adventure by DPmusic
Cells Tissues Organs - KS3 Science -Bundle
sciencelondonteachersciencelondonteacher

Cells Tissues Organs - KS3 Science -Bundle

5 Resources
My Lessons include: ✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰ Visually appealing graphics that encourage engagement throughout a lesson. 🧠👁💯 ‘Do now/Starter’ activities with music to encourage fast and easy settling as the pupils arrive to lesson. ⚠️🎯🔉 Progress steps: By having the student’s track their own progress, it creates ownership of goal achievement. 🏆🏅The graphic representation of the students’ progress can be highly motivating. If improvements are not achieved, students can reflect on what changes need to be made to the intervention plan. On screen timers that aid SEND students. ⏰ Peer and self-assessments (AfL) encouraging use of green pen self-assessment 🟢 and purple pen peer assessment🟣 . This can be edited to meet the expectations of your school policy📍✅ Formative assessments to consolidate learning throughout ⏸🔙💭(exam-style questioning, linking questions)🚦 Plenary activities.🔒 Extensions and challenge questions to reach higher ability students ⭐️💡🔎 On screen timers to aid lesson plan and pupil focus.⏱⏳ Implementing subject specific key words throughout to encourage literacy 🔑 ✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰
A/AS Level Biology Edexcel SNAB Topic 5 "On the Wild Side"
sciencelondonteachersciencelondonteacher

A/AS Level Biology Edexcel SNAB Topic 5 "On the Wild Side"

(1)
PowerPoint lesson covering all of SNAB Edexcel topic 5 On the Wild Side, section 5.1 “what is an ecosystem?”. This resource should cover 2-3 lessons to cover the content. Learning objectives covered: 5.1.1 Understand the terms ecosystem, community, population and habitat. 5.1.2 Understand that the numbers and distribution of organisms in a habitat are controlled by biotic and abiotic factors. 5.1.3 Understand how the concept of niche accounts for the distribution and abundance of organisms in a habitat. 5.1.4 Describe the concept of succession to a climax community Uses various activities to introduce the concepts of ecosystems.
AS/A-Level Biology - Edexcel - Topic 8 Grey matter - Habituation and Animal testing- 8.7
sciencelondonteachersciencelondonteacher

AS/A-Level Biology - Edexcel - Topic 8 Grey matter - Habituation and Animal testing- 8.7

(0)
Adapted from Pearson SNAB AS/A-Level book. Topic 8 Grey Matter. sub chapter 8.7 pp243-247 to be exact. All about animal habituation and animal testing. Includes past paper exam questions. Additonal content! pupil and teacher guidance on core practical 18- “Investigate habituation to a stimulus.” Guides teachers and pupils on their practical write that comes with this particular chapter in the SNAB book.
Cells and Control CB2 - Edexcel - GCSE - BUNDLE!
sciencelondonteachersciencelondonteacher

Cells and Control CB2 - Edexcel - GCSE - BUNDLE!

6 Resources
Save by buying the bundle! All 6 PowerPoints for topic 2 Combined Science Edexcel curriculum. This topic is Cells and Control CB2. My Lessons include: ✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰ Visually appealing graphics that encourage engagement throughout a lesson. 🧠👁💯 ‘Do now/Starter’ activities with music to encourage fast and easy settling as the pupils arrive to lesson. ⚠️🎯🔉 Progress steps: By having the student’s track their own progress, it creates ownership of goal achievement. 🏆🏅The graphic representation of the students’ progress can be highly motivating. If improvements are not achieved, students can reflect on what changes need to be made to the intervention plan. On screen timers that aid SEND students. ⏰ Peer and self-assessments (AfL) encouraging use of green pen self-assessment 🟢 and purple pen peer assessment🟣 . This can be edited to meet the expectations of your school policy📍✅ Formative assessments to consolidate learning throughout ⏸🔙💭(exam-style questioning, linking questions)🚦 Plenary activities.🔒 Extensions and challenge questions to reach higher ability students ⭐️💡🔎 On screen timers to aid lesson plan and pupil focus.⏱⏳ Implementing subject specific key words throughout to encourage literacy 🔑 ✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰
Neurotransmission Speeds CB2f - Edexcel - GCSE - Combined Science
sciencelondonteachersciencelondonteacher

Neurotransmission Speeds CB2f - Edexcel - GCSE - Combined Science

(0)
CB2f Neurotransmission speeds - Active Learn book. My Lessons include: ✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰ Visually appealing graphics that encourage engagement throughout a lesson. ‘Do now/Starter’ activities with music to encourage fast and easy settling as the pupils arrive to lesson. Progress steps: By having the student’s track their own progress, it creates ownership of goal achievement. The graphic representation of the students’ progress can be highly motivating. If improvements are not achieved, students can reflect on what changes need to be made to the intervention plan. On screen timers that aid SEND students. Peer and self-assessments (AfL) encouraging use of green pen self-assessment and purple pen peer assessment . This can be edited to meet the expectations of your school policy Formative assessments to consolidate learning throughout (exam-style questioning, linking questions) Plenary activities. Extensions and challenge questions to reach higher ability students On screen timers to aid lesson plan and pupil focus. Implementing subject specific key words throughout to encourage literacy
Stem Cells - CB2d - Edexcel - GCSE - Combined Science
sciencelondonteachersciencelondonteacher

Stem Cells - CB2d - Edexcel - GCSE - Combined Science

(0)
My Lessons include: ✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰ Visually appealing graphics that encourage engagement throughout a lesson. ‘Do now/Starter’ activities with music to encourage fast and easy settling as the pupils arrive to lesson. Progress steps: By having the student’s track their own progress, it creates ownership of goal achievement. The graphic representation of the students’ progress can be highly motivating. If improvements are not achieved, students can reflect on what changes need to be made to the intervention plan. On screen timers that aid SEND students. Peer and self-assessments (AfL) encouraging use of green pen self-assessment and purple pen peer assessment . This can be edited to meet the expectations of your school policy Formative assessments to consolidate learning throughout (exam-style questioning, linking questions) Plenary activities. Extensions and challenge questions to reach higher ability students On screen timers to aid lesson plan and pupil focus. Implementing subject specific key words throughout to encourage literacy
Growth in Plants CB2c - Edexcel - GCSE - Combined Science
sciencelondonteachersciencelondonteacher

Growth in Plants CB2c - Edexcel - GCSE - Combined Science

(0)
My Lessons include: ✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰ Visually appealing graphics that encourage engagement throughout a lesson. ‘Do now/Starter’ activities with music to encourage fast and easy settling as the pupils arrive to lesson. Progress steps: By having the student’s track their own progress, it creates ownership of goal achievement. The graphic representation of the students’ progress can be highly motivating. If improvements are not achieved, students can reflect on what changes need to be made to the intervention plan. On screen timers that aid SEND students. Peer and self-assessments (AfL) encouraging use of green pen self-assessment and purple pen peer assessment . This can be edited to meet the expectations of your school policy Formative assessments to consolidate learning throughout (exam-style questioning, linking questions) Plenary activities. Extensions and challenge questions to reach higher ability students On screen timers to aid lesson plan and pupil focus. Implementing subject specific key words throughout to encourage literacy
The Nervous System CB2e - Edexcel - GCSE - Combined Science
sciencelondonteachersciencelondonteacher

The Nervous System CB2e - Edexcel - GCSE - Combined Science

(0)
This lesson was created by following the chapter from Pearson Edexcel Active Learn book. My Lessons include: ✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰ Visually appealing graphics that encourage engagement throughout a lesson. ‘Do now/Starter’ activities with music to encourage fast and easy settling as the pupils arrive to lesson. Progress steps: By having the student’s track their own progress, it creates ownership of goal achievement. The graphic representation of the students’ progress can be highly motivating. If improvements are not achieved, students can reflect on what changes need to be made to the intervention plan. On screen timers that aid SEND students. Peer and self-assessments (AfL) encouraging use of green pen self-assessment and purple pen peer assessment . This can be edited to meet the expectations of your school policy Formative assessments to consolidate learning throughout (exam-style questioning, linking questions) Plenary activities. Extensions and challenge questions to reach higher ability students On screen timers to aid lesson plan and pupil focus. Implementing subject specific key words throughout to encourage literacy
Growth in Animals CB2b - Edexcel - GCSE - Combined Science
sciencelondonteachersciencelondonteacher

Growth in Animals CB2b - Edexcel - GCSE - Combined Science

(0)
My Lessons include: ✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰✰ Visually appealing graphics that encourage engagement throughout a lesson. ‘Do now/Starter’ activities with music to encourage fast and easy settling as the pupils arrive to lesson. Progress steps: By having the student’s track their own progress, it creates ownership of goal achievement. The graphic representation of the students’ progress can be highly motivating. If improvements are not achieved, students can reflect on what changes need to be made to the intervention plan. On screen timers that aid SEND students. Peer and self-assessments (AfL) encouraging use of green pen self-assessment and purple pen peer assessment . This can be edited to meet the expectations of your school policy Formative assessments to consolidate learning throughout (exam-style questioning, linking questions) Plenary activities. Extensions and challenge questions to reach higher ability students On screen timers to aid lesson plan and pupil focus. Implementing subject specific key words throughout to encourage literacy