This fully-resourced lesson describes the ultrastructure of a prokaryotic cell including the nucleoid, plasmid, 70S ribosomes and cell wall. The engaging PowerPoint and accompanying resources have been designed to cover specification point 2.1 (iii) of the Edexcel A-level Biology B specification but has been specifically designed to be taught after the lesson on the ultrastructure of eukaryotic cells, specification point 2.1 (v), so that comparisons can be drawn. A clear understanding of terminology is important for A-level Biology so this lesson begins with a challenge, where the students have to come up with a 3-letter prefix that they believe will translate as before or in front of . This leads into the discovery of the meaning of prokaryote as before nucleus which acts to remind students that these types of cell lack this cell structure. Links to the previous lessons on the eukaryotic cells are made throughout the lesson and at this particular point, the students are asked to work out why the DNA would be described as naked and to state where it will be found in the cell. Moving forwards, the students will discover that these cells also lack membrane bound organelles and a quick quiz competition challenges them to identify the specific structure that is absent from just a single word. In addition to the naked DNA, students will learn that there are also ribosomes in the cytoplasm and will discover that these are smaller than those found in the cytoplasm of an eukaryotic cell (but the same size as those in chloroplasts and mitochondria). The remainder of the lesson focuses on the composition of the cell wall, the additional features of prokaryotic cells such as plasmids and there is also the introduction of binary fission as the mechanism by which these organisms reproduce so that students can recognise that prokaryotic cells do not contain centrioles

This fully-resourced lesson describes the structure of the cell surface membrane and references Singer and Nicholson’s fluid mosaic model. The detailed and engaging PowerPoint and accompanying resources have been designed to cover specification point 4.2 (i) of the Edexcel A-level Biology B specification and also makes clear links are made to related topics such as the binding of hormones as covered in topic 9 and the electron transport chain as covered in topic 5. The fluid mosaic model is introduced at the start of the lesson so that it can be referenced at appropriate points throughout the lesson. Students were introduced to phospholipids in topic 1 and an initial task challenges them to spot the errors in a passage describing the structure and properties of this molecule. This reminds them of the bilayer arrangement, with the hydrophilic phosphate heads protruding outwards into the aqueous solutions on the inside and the outside of the cell. In a link to some upcoming lessons on the transport mechanisms, the students will learn that only small, non-polar molecules can move by simple diffusion and that this is through the tails of the bilayer. This introduces the need for transmembrane proteins to allow large or polar molecules to move into the cell by facilitated diffusion and active transport. Proteins that act as receptors as also introduced and an opportunity is taken to make a link to topic 9 so that students can understand how hormones or drugs will bind to target cells in this way and cause the release of cAMP on the interior of the cell. Moving forwards, the structure of cholesterol is covered and students will learn that this hydrophobic molecule sits in the middle of the tails and therefore acts to regulate membrane fluidity. The final part of the lesson challenges the students to apply their newly-acquired knowledge to a series of questions where they have to explain why proteins may have moved when two cells are used and to suggest why there is a larger proportion of these proteins in the inner mitochondrial membrane than the outer membrane.

This revision resource has been designed to include a range of activities such as exam questions, understanding checks and quiz competitions which will motivate the students whilst they assess their understanding of the content found in module 2.1.4 (Enzymes) of the OCR A-level Biology A specification. The resource includes a detailed and engaging Powerpoint (70 slides) and associated worksheets The range of activities have been designed to cover as much of the content as possible but the following sub-topics have been given particular attention: The role of enzymes as biological catalysts that lower the activation energy The lock and key theory and the induced fit hypotheses The mechanism of enzyme action to include the tertiary structure The effect of inhibitors on the rate of enzyme-controlled reactions The effect of pH on the rate of reaction Coenzymes and cofactors The idea of an optimum temperature and explaining the decrease in rate when temperatures increase or decrease Calculating the temperature coefficient In addition to these topics, some topics from other modules such as the PCR and precursor molecules are tested in order to challenge the students on their ability to make links between the modules.

This revision resource includes exam questions, understanding checks and quiz competitions, all of which have been written to motivate and engage the students whilst they assess their understanding of the content found in topic 4 (Biological molecules) of the CIE IGCSE Biology specification for examination in June and November 2020 and 2021. This revision resource contains an engaging PowerPoint (36 slides) and associated worksheets. The range of activities have been designed to cover as much of the Core and Supplement content as possible but the following sub-topics have been given particular attention: List the chemical elements that make up carbohydrates State how starch, glycogen, cellulose, proteins and fats and oils are made from their specific smaller molecules Describe the use of the iodine and Benedicts solution test Explain how the specific sequence of the amino acids in a protein controls the shape and the effect this has on an enzyme and antibodies Describe the structure of DNA Recognise that water is an important solvent which is involved in a large number of roles in the human body In addition, links have been made to other topics such as hormones and organelles so that students can see the importance of making links between Biological topics

This revision resource includes exam questions, understanding checks and quiz competitions, all of which have been designed with the aim of motivating and engaging the students whilst they assess their understanding of the content found in topic 3 (Movement in and out of cells) of the CIE IGCSE Biology specification for examination in June and November 2020 and 2021. This revision resource contains a detailed and engaging PowerPoint (42 slides) and associated worksheets, some of which have been differentiated to help and challenge differing abilities. The range of activities have been designed to cover as much of the Core and supplement content as possible but the following sub-topics have been given particular attention: Active transport as the movement of particles against their concentration gradient using energy from respiration The importance of active transport as demonstrated by the absorption of mineral ions by the root hair cells The movement of water across cell membranes by osmosis The importance of osmosis and water potential in the uptake of water by plants The effects on plant cells of immersion into solutions of different concentrations The importance of turgor pressure for a plant Diffusion as the net movement of particles with the concentration gradient Recognising the factors that influence the rate of diffusion In addition, topics from other modules such as specialised plant cells are covered so that students can see the importance of being able to make connections and links between Biological topics.

This revision resource includes exam questions, understanding checks and quiz competitions, all of which have been designed to motivate and engage the students whilst they assess their understanding of the content found in topic 2 (Experimental techniques) of the CIE IGCSE Chemistry specification for examination in June and November 2020 and 2021. This revision resource contains an engaging PowerPoint (50 slides) and associated worksheets, some of which have been differentiated to help and challenge differing abilities. The range of activities have been designed to cover as much of the Core and Supplement content as possible but the following sub-topics have been given particular attention: Identify substances and assess purity from melting and boiling point data Describe and explain the method of distillation Understand how fractional distillation separates mixtures according to their boiling points Describe and explain the method of crystallisation Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of paper chromatography Interpret simple chromatograms, including the calculation of the Rf values In addition, topics from other modules such as states of matter at different temperatures are covered so that students can see the importance of being able to make connections and links between Chemistry topics.

This revision resource includes exam questions, understanding checks and quiz competitions, all of which have been designed with the aim of motivating and engaging the students whilst they assess their understanding of the content found in topic 2 (Organisation of the organism) of the CIE IGCSE Biology specification for examination in June and November 2020 and 2021. This revision resource contains an engaging PowerPoint (53 slides) and an associated worksheet. The range of activities have been designed to cover as much of the Core and Supplement content as possible but the following sub-topics have been given particular attention: The function of the organelles found in animal and plant cells The features of specialised cells which allow them to perform their function The mitochondria and the production of energy for use in cell activities Calculating size and magnification by converting between millimetres and micrometres Tissues, organs and organ systems

This revision resource contains an engaging PowerPoint (56 slides) and associated worksheets, one of which has been differentiated two ways to allow students of differing abilities to access the work. The range of activities cover the content of Topic C4 (Stoichiometry) of the CIE IGCSE Combined Science specification, for examination in June and November 2020 and 2021. The aim was to cover as much of the content as possible but the following topics have received particular attention: Naming compounds containing 2 or 3+ elements Constructing word equations for general chemical reactions Monatomic or diatomic molecules Writing formulae for ionic compounds using the charges on the ions Balancing symbol equations Writing fully balanced chemical symbol equations with state symbols Students are given hints and guidance throughout the lesson so they can build confidence in the lead up to an end of topic test, mocks or the terminal exams.

This revision resource has been designed to cover the content in both topic 11 (Gas exchange) and topic 12 (Respiration) of the CIE IGCSE Biology specification for examination in June and November 2020 and 2021. The topics have been combined because of the huge crossover and the aim was to encourage students to see those connections and to make the Biological links. The resource contains an engaging and detailed PowerPoint (77 slides) and associated worksheets, some of which have been differentiated to provide assistance for those students who need it. Included in the resource are exam questions, quick tasks and quiz competitions which try to cover as much content as possible with the following areas receiving particular attention: The internal and external structure of the trachea The structure of the alveoli to allow efficient gas exchange The role of the ribs, intercostal muscles and diaphragm in ventilation The differences in composition between inspired and expired air Aerobic respiration in seeds The uses of energy in the body of humans Anaerobic respiration and the oxygen debt This resource contains a large emphasis on the mathematical element of the Biology course. Students are guided through key skills such as percentage change and then challenged to apply

This is a concise revision resource which has been designed to cover the crucial details of topic C5 (Electricity and chemistry) of the CIE IGCSE Combined Science specification, for examination in June and November 2020 and 2021. The topic of electrolysis is commonly assessed in the examinations so time was taken during the design to ensure that understanding is constantly checked so that any misconceptions are addressed. The following content receives particular attention in this revision lesson: The use of the terms electrolyte, electrode, cathode and anode Understanding that solid ionic compounds cannot be used in electrolysis, but only electrolytes when molten or in aqueous solution The attraction of positive ions to the cathode and the gain of electrons The attraction of negative ions to the anode and the loss of electrons Predicting the products at the electrodes The lesson finishes with a summary task about the electrolysis of aluminium oxide where students have to apply their knowledge. This sheet has been differentiated two ways so that students of different abilities are able to complete the task

This revision resource contains an engaging and informative PowerPoint (55 slides) and differentiated worksheets that will enable the students to assess their understanding of the topic C9 content of the CIE IGCSE Combined Science specification for examination in June and November 2020 and 2021. The range of exam questions (with explained answers), quick tasks and quiz competitions have been designed to cover as much content as possible but the following topics have received particular attention: • The properties of the alkali metals, halogens and noble gases • Explaining the reactivity of these groups in terms of electron configurations • The transition elements • The arrangement of the Periodic Table • Predicting properties of the undiscovered elements The question sheet about the properties of the different groups has been differentiated three ways so that a range of abilities can access the work

This revision resource contains a concise yet informative PowerPoint (25 slides) and a worksheet that will enable the students to assess their understanding of the topic B4 (Enzymes) content of the CIE IGCSE Combined Science specification for examination in June and November 2020 and 2021. The range of exam questions (with explained answers), quick tasks and quiz competitions have been designed to cover as much content as possible but the following topics have received particular attention: Enzymes as biological catalysts that speed up reactions The binding of a substrate with the active site of an enzyme The effect of a changing pH on the activity of an enzyme The effect of a changing temperature on the activity of an enzyme Denaturation

This lesson has been designed to cover the content of specification point 4.1.2.1 (Chromosomes) and 4.1.2.2 (Mitosis and the cell cycle) of the AQA GCSE Biology and Combined Science course. Cell division is a topic which can cause students a number of problems so this lesson has been designed to ensure that the key details are covered and checked constantly. As well as the understanding and previous knowledge checks, quiz competitions are written into the lesson to maintain engagement and motivation. The lesson begins with the introduction of the term cell cycle and students will learn that the cycle consists of three stages. The key details of each of these stages is covered during the main part of the lesson so that students can meet the specification requirements of being able to describe the main events. Time is allotted for discussion to encourage students to converse about important points such as what happens to the replicated chromosomes during mitosis to enable identical daughter cells to be produced. Opportunities are taken to make links to other topics such as animal and plant cells as students are challenged to recall the functions of some sub-cellular structures. The final part of the lesson involves a series of summary questions which challenges the students to not only recall content but also to apply to unfamiliar organisms and it is not until the final question that they will answer a question about the cell cycle in humans.

This revision resource contains an engaging and informative PowerPoint (49 slides) and a differentiated worksheet that will enable the students to assess their understanding of the topic B2 (Cells) content of the CIE IGCSE Combined Science specification for examination in June and November 2020 and 2021. The following topics have been given particular attention in this lesson: The structure and function of red blood cells Diffusion as the movement of molecules from a high concentration to a low concentration The structure of root hair cells to allow absorption of minerals and water from the soil Osmosis investigations The effect on plant cells of immersion in solutions of different water potentials The function of the organelles found in animal and plant cells The structure and function of specialised cells This resource is ideal for revision purposes during or at the end of the topic and in the lead up to mocks or the actual IGCSE exams

This concise lesson has been designed to cover the content found in specification point 4.1.3.2 (Osmosis) of topic 1 of the AQA GCSE Biology & Combined Science specifications. This resource contains an engaging PowerPoint (23 slides) and accompanying worksheets, some of which have been differentiated to help students of different abilities to take on the task at hand. The lesson begins with the introduction of the term, osmosis, and then students are challenged to use their knowledge of diffusion to write a definition for this method of movement of water molecules. A series of questions which check understanding are included at this early point of the lesson to ensure that the key points are known and any misconceptions are quickly addressed. Students are also challenged with an application question as these can often cause them the most problems. Moving forwards, the rest of the lesson focuses on an osmosis investigation. Scientific skills are tested during a range of tasks as well as numerical skills and guidance is given on how to calculate percentage change. As stated at the top, this lesson has been designed for GCSE-aged students who are studying the AQA GCSE Biology course, but can be used with younger students who are keen to learn about osmosis

This fully-resourced lesson has been designed to cover the content found in specification point 5.2.3 (The eye) of topic 5 of the AQA GCSE Biology specification. This resource contains an engaging and detailed PowerPoint (46 slides) and accompanying worksheets, some of which have been differentiated to help students of different abilities to take on the task. The lesson begins with a game of IMPOSSIBLE (shown in the picture) where students are challenged to pick out the names of the 7 structures of the eye which the specification states they have to be able to identify on a diagram. Students are given the functions of the cornea and the sclera to guide them at the start of the labelling task before they have to use their previous knowledge of the nervous system to write a function for the optic nerve. Literacy and numeracy skills are tested throughout the lesson and the next round of the quiz challenges them to use synonyms to recognise the key terms of adaptation and accommodation. Time is taken to focus on the process of accommodation so that students can see how the ciliary muscles and suspensory ligaments interact to change the shape of the lens and allow both near and distant objects to be seen clearly. This takes the lesson nicely into the next section where the conditions of myopia and hyperopia are considered. Again, the students are challenged on their recognition of Biology terminology to spot that these are the medical names for short and long-sightedness. Students are guided through the correction of myopia before being challenged to write a letter to the mother of a girl who suffers from hyperopia, explaining how the lens is used to correct the defect. As stated at the top, this lesson has been designed for GCSE-aged students who are studying the AQA GCSE Biology course, but can be used with younger students who are keen to learn about the eye or with A-level students who need to go back over the key points.