Digestive process Anatomy and function of GIT Peristalsis Digestion in mouth Deglutition (Swallowing) Function of the stomach Gastric secretion Gastric secretory cells Gastric emptying Cholecystokinin (CCK) Small intestine Intestinal juice Functions of the Liver The pancreas Large intestine (Colon)

In depth explanation of: Primary Proteins Secondary Proteins Tertiary Proteins Quaternary Proteins Renin-angiotensin system Stereochemistry Descriptions of different types of amino acids and examples: Simple Amino acids Alkyl Amino acids Aromatic Amino acids Alkylhydroxy Amino acids Basic Amino acids Carboxylic acid derivatives

Membrane proteins How are proteins associated with lipid bilayers? RBC plasma membrane Functions of plasma membrane RBC Cytoskeleton Cryo-EM and membrane protein structure Membrane transport Passive permeability Facilitated transport

Epithelia Nervous Connective Muscle Red blood cells (Erythrocytes) Stem cells Maintenance of homeostasis Apoptosis Mechanisms of differentiation

What defines a cell? How are cells alike? What are prions and what diseases can it cause? Prokaryotic cells Eukaryotic cells Unicellular Eukaryotic cells Cell Membrane Plasma membrane Nucleus Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ribosomes Mitochondria Mitochondrial DNA Golgi Apparatus Lysosomes Peroxisomes Cytosol Cytoskeleton Special features of plant cells

Fluid mosaic model Major features of Cell membranes Different types of lipids Sphingolipids Properties controlled by membrane lipids

Transporters Channels Facilitated transport Passive transport Active transport Different types of channels Neurotransmitters Glucose transport Rate of transport through passive transporters Active Transport via ATPase pumps Secondary active transport Resting potential Why is resting potential important?

Mendelian inheritance Blood groups (co-dominance) Epistasis (e.g. recessive, dominant) Penetrance & Expressivity Autosomal dominant inheritance Autosomal recessive inheritance X-linked dominant X-linked recessive Y-linked

What determines a trait? Multigenic traits Multifactorial traits Number of genes Heritability Hardy Weinberg Law Carrier frequency

In depth explanations of the following: Evolution: continuity with change DNA Central dogma Transcription and Translation DNA Replication Why are chromosomes formed? Chromosome packing Chromosomes and Gene Expression Mutations Base substitution Insertions + deletions: frameshift Expanding trinucleotide repeats Base substitution + Proteins Phenotypic effects of mutation Causes of mutation Wobble mis-pairing - Replication Error Chemical changes in DNA structure Radiation Chemical agents can affect DNA Repairing DNA Defects in DNA repair (inborn error)

For University or A Level students studying Metabolism briefly and in depth. Consists of: Protein degradation Digestion of dietary proteins Cellular protein degradation Dealing with excess AAs Glutamate dehydrogenase is key enzyme in AA deamination AA dehydrogenation drives deamination Vitamin B6 supplies vital Cofactor for Transamination The Urea Cycle Nitrogen transporter to liver from peripheral tissues Integration of Nitrogen metabolism Fate of C skeletons

For University or A Level students studying Metabolism briefly and in depth. Consists of: What are lipids? Triglyceride structure How is energy stored in and released from fat molecules? Lipid digestion/absorption in gut Lipid transport Lipids handling by adipocyte Mobilisation of triacylglycerols Glycerol metabolism Beta-oxidation of FAs ATP yield of Complete oxidation of Palmitate (Saturated) Oxidation of monounsaturated FAs Oxidation of polyunsaturated FAs Oxidation of odd chain FAs Ketogenesis in Starvation

For University or A Level students studying Metabolism briefly and in depth. Consists of: What are building blocks of fatty acids? FA Synthesis - Overall Reaction Comparison of Synthesis and Oxidation Palmitate: Synthesis vs Oxidation Citrate transfers Acetyl group to Cytosol Steps of Fatty Acid synthesis How is Fatty Acid metabolism regulated? - Allosteric & Hormonal regulation

For University or A Level students studying Metabolism briefly and in depth. Consists of: Why do we need Gluconeogenesis? Steps of Gluconeogenesis Liver and Kidney Regulation crosstalk ATP budget of Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis How can Cs enter gluconeogenesis? Lactate and Gluconeogenesis Gluconeogenesis and Cori Cycle

For University or A Level students studying Metabolism briefly and in depth. Consists of: Homeostasis Glycolysis vs Gluconeogenesis vs Glycogenolysis Glucose Homeostasis Glycogen Glycogen synthesis Enzymes Why is Glycogen a branched chain? Regulation of Glycogen synthesis Glycogen degradation Regulation of Glycogen Degradation & Metabolism Insulin - Synthesis Regulation of Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis Liver response to LOW Concentration of Glucose Insulin vs Glucagon

For University or A Level students studying Metabolism briefly and in depth. Consists of: Basics of Metabolism Intermediary metabolism Thermodynamics Metabolism and Thermodynamics

For University or A Level students studying Metabolism briefly and in depth. Consists of: What is Oxidative Phosphorylation? Electron Transport Chain Functional components of complexes Cytochromes Ochoa’s experiment Energy coupling: Chemiosmotic Hypothesis Mechanism of ATP synthesis

For University or A Level students studying Metabolism briefly and in depth. Consists of: Steps of the TCA Cycle How is the process aerobic What is net reaction of TCA Cycle if cycle begins and ends with Oxaloacetate? How is the TCA Cycle regulated? DeltaG Values