This article explains about the gas law. The Boyle’s law, Charles law and the combination of these laws will be explored. Application of these laws will also be explained. Read on………………………………………….

This article on Alkanoic acids describes the preparation of Alkanoic acids. Physical and chemical properties of Alkanoic acids and its uses are also explored. Read on…………………

Children communication/speech is affected by various barriers. These are some of the barriers suggested by your predecessors. G

Introduction Various theories that explain how children learn have been formulated. Teacher and subject centred teaching methods were mostly used in ancient times. Today however, many educational research scholars have come up with more appropriate teaching methods. Researchers in Child Developmental are of the opinion that the aspects of growth and development are interrelated and thus a child’ physical development will affect his/her socio-emotional as well as cognitive development and hence his/her learning. Knowledge of theoretical principles in child development and instructional methods will help us understand the stages through which a child passes and what he/she is capable of learning or doing.

Categories of Genres of Literature In this lecture we will start by defining what children’s literature is. Children’s literature is both fiction and non-fiction books written especially for children between 0 to 12 years. This definition excludes literature for teenagers. Generally, Children’s books are classified by the following genres:

Available literature shows that before the nineteenth century, there were very few books were especially written for children. Since those days, a lot of changes in attitudes towards early childhood and children’s development, along with the increased technology, have led to the development of children’s literature as a major industry. It is therefore hard to define to define what children’s literature is. There is no simple, straightforward definition of children’s literature that can be used with equal validity at different times and in different contexts to describe children’s literature. The definitions of ‘children’s literature has changed over time just like the concepts of ‘child’, and ‘childhood.

As children play, they often have accidents. Most of these accidents are minor but there are some which could even be fatal. Many accidents are as a result of negligence or ignorance. This means that a great percentage of children’s accidents could be avoided. In this lesson, we will focus on some of the common accidents; their causes and prevention.

This researched article describes the process of radioactivity. Properties of radiations, types of radioactivity, nuclear reactions and nuclear fusion will be explored. Read on……………………

This article on force examines the different types of forces (i) gravitational force (ii) magnetic force (iii) Frictional force (iv) adhesive force (v) cohesive force and (vi) centripetal force. Read on……….

Attitudes Definition: An attitude is a predisposition to respond toward a particular person or group of persons; a particular object or a group of objects in a favourable or unfavourable manner.

Changes in Power Relations between the Spouses The traditional African family economy in which husbands were the chief breadwinners has collapsed. Instead, there is a gradual development of a wage earning family household in which both the husband and wife have to strive to earn income. Unfortunately, the transition to wage-earning households has occurred without corresponding shifts in power relations between the sexes.

Communication is a way of expressing one’s thoughts and feelings. It includes what one says, how he or she says it, why they say it and when they say it. It also includes what one does not say, his or her facial expression, gestures, posture and vocal tones.

Meaning of Speech Deficits These are disorders related to speaking. They include speech retardation, speech fluency disorder and Aphasia. Here below we will discuss the three of them. However, it is important to bear in mind that different scholars as well as lecturers may present them in a different order. Speech Retardation Speech retardation is delayed speech. It is related to mental retardation. Research shows that language drop is related to brain drop. Speech retardation means that the speech is delayed or below chronological age of a child. Speech Fluency Disorder Fluency has to do with the ability to speak a language easily and accurately. It is therefore the ability to express oneself easily and articulately including pronunciation, intonation, pace, volume, and stress among others. Speech fluency disorder is, therefore, is a deficit in the rate of speech in particular. The speed of the speech is either slow or fast. There are two forms of speech fluency disorder; Stuttering and Cluttering.

Emerging Family Patterns in Africa Cohabitation The term cohabitation is most frequently applied to couples who are not married. Often, it describes an arrangement whereby two people decide to live together on a long term or permanent basis in an emotionally and/or sexually intimate relationship. Today, cohabitation is a common pattern among people especially in the Western world. While living together out of wedlock was once considered “shacking up” or “living in sin”, studies have shown that the number of unmarried couples living together increased tenfold from 1960 to 2000, and that most of all first marriage begin with unmarried cohabitation.

Curriculum should sets the standards for care, learning and development and for children from birth to five years, across seven areas of learning.The child’s first years are crucial as the major part of development happens during the age of 0-3 years. The child care center should provide quality education to prepare the children for the 21st century challenges. The pedagogical activities should be well planned and the learning objectives visible for both educators and families, for continuous development, fruitful collaboration and successful early education.

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) was a Viennese trained in neurology. He developed his theory of psychoanalysis while treating patients suffering from hysteria. Hysterical patients were hypnotized and encouraged to talk about earlier events. As they talked about their conflicts, they sometimes experienced an out-pouring of emotions, which marked the end to their

Introduction Erik Erikson was a German psychologist who suffered serious identity crisis in his youthful years. His parents divorced when he was a young child and he stayed with his mother. He then concluded that a need for identity is a major aspect in life. He also felt that the influence of the society on the development of personality should not be underestimated.

Attitudes Definition: An attitude is a predisposition to respond toward a particular person or group of persons; a particular object or a group of objects in a favourable or unfavourable manner.

Introduction The socio-cognitive theory is a learning theory that posits that people learn by watching what others do. It emphasizes that, if people are motivated to learn a particular behaviour, they could do so through clear observation.According to Albert Bandura people acquire complex behaviour through modeling. He explains behaviour in terms of a person’s interactions with the environment (either external or internal). Bandura stressed drat behaviour, cognition and the environment mutually influence each other, a process lie called reciprocal determination. For example, the children’s television watching habits (past environment) influences their interest or preferences (cognition or personal factor), which in turn determines the channel they select (behaviour).

Drug and substance abuse A drug is a chemical compound that can alter the structure and functioning of the body. Psychoactive drugs affect the function of the brain, and most are considered illegal to use or possess. In content, the term ‘substance’ refer- to non-drug things like cigarettes and alcohol that can also alter the normal functioning of the body. Substance abuse is the overindulgence in and dependence of a drug or chemical leading to effects that arc detrimental to the individual’s physical and mental health, or the welfare of others. It is also a regular use of a drug or a substance other than for its accepted medical purpose, or in doses greater than those considered appropriate obligations, interpersonal conflicts, or legal problems. Substance refers to things like alcohol and cigarettes.