Designed for the new specification IGCSE Edexcel course but can be used for other examination boards. Covers: (d) Movement of substances into and out of cells 2.15 understand the processes of diffusion, osmosis and active transport by which substances move into and out of cells 2.16 understand how factors affect the rate of movement of substances into and out of cells, including the effects of surface area to volume ratio, distance, temperature and concentration gradient 2.17 practical: investigate diffusion and osmosis using living and non-living systems

Designed for the new specification IGCSE edexcel course but can be used for other examination boards. Covers: ( c ) Biological molecules 2.7 identify the chemical elements present in carbohydrates, proteins and lipids (fats and oils) 2.8 describe the structure of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids as large molecules made up from smaller basic units: starch and glycogen from simple sugars, protein from amino acids, and lipid from fatty acids and glycerol 2.9 practical: investigate food samples for the presence of glucose, starch, protein and fat 2.10 understand the role of enzymes as biological catalysts in metabolic reactions 2.11 understand how temperature changes can affect enzyme function, including changes to the shape of active site 2.12 practical: investigate how enzyme activity can be affected by changes in temperature 2.13 understand how enzyme function can be affected by changes in pH altering the active site  2.14B practical: investigate how enzyme activity can be affected by changes in pH Contains exam style questions

Designed for the new specification IGCSE Edexcel course but can be used for other examination boards. Covers: © Genetic modification (genetic engineering) 5.12  understand how restriction enzymes are used to cut DNA at specific sites and ligase enzymes are used to join pieces of DNA together 5.13  understand how plasmids and viruses can act as vectors, which take up pieces of DNA, and then insert this recombinant DNA into other cells 5.14  understand how large amounts of human insulin can be manufactured from genetically modified bacteria that are grown in a fermenter 5.15  understand how genetically modified plants can be used to improve food production 5.16  understand that the term transgenic means the transfer of genetic material from one species to a different species

New specification-46 Key recall questions (no answers) on topic 1-Nature and variety of living organism. Great for students to use to make flash cards.

Designed for the new specification AQA GCSE course but can be modified for other exam boards. 16 slides covering trophic levels in a ecosystem. By the end of the powerpoint students would have covered: 4.7.4.1 Trophic levels 4.7.4.2 Pyramids of biomass 4.7.4.3 Transfer of biomass

Designed for the new specification IGCSE Edexcel course but can be used for other examination boards. Covers: © Cycles within ecosystems 4.10 describe the stages in the carbon cycle, including respiration, photosynthesis, decomposition and combustion 4.11B describe the stages in the nitrogen cycle, including the roles of nitrogen fixing bacteria, decomposers, nitrifying bacteria and denitrifying bacteria (specific names of bacteria are not required)

Designed for the new specification AQA GCSE course but can be modified for other exam boards. 32 slides covering Cell structure (cell specialisation and cell differentiation). By the end of the powerpoint students would have covered: **4.1.1.3 Cell specialisation ** Students should be able to, when provided with appropriate information, explain how the structure of different types of cell relate to their function in a tissue, an organ or organ system, or the whole organism. Cells may be specialised to carry out a particular function: sperm cells, nerve cells and muscle cells in animals root hair cells, xylem and phloem cells in plants. **4.1.1.4 Cell differentiation ** Students should be able to explain the importance of cell differentiation. As an organism develops, cells differentiate to form different types of cells. Most types of animal cell differentiate at an early stage. Many types of plant cells retain the ability to differentiate throughout life. In mature animals, cell division is mainly restricted to repair and replacement. As a cell differentiates it acquires different sub-cellular structures to enable it to carry out a certain function. It has become a specialised cell.

Designed for the new specification AQA GCSE course but can be modified for other exam boards. 32 slides covering Diffusion. (contains a optional practical) By the end of the powerpoint students would have covered: Substances may move into and out of cells across the cell membranes via diffusion. Diffusion is the spreading out of the particles of any substance in solution, or particles of a gas, resulting in a net movement from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. Some of the substances transported in and out of cells by diffusion are oxygen and carbon dioxide in gas exchange, and of the waste product urea from cells into the blood plasma for excretion in the kidney. Students should be able to explain how different factors affect the rate of diffusion. Factors which affect the rate of diffusion are: the difference in concentrations (concentration gradient) the temperature the surface area of the membrane. A single-celled organism has a relatively large surface area to volume ratio. This allows sufficient transport of molecules into and out of the cell to meet the needs of the organism. Students should be able to calculate and compare surface area to volume ratios. Students should be able to explain the need for exchange surfaces and a transport system in multicellular organisms in terms of surface area to volume ratio. Students should be able to explain how the small intestine and lungs in mammals, gills in fish, and the roots and leaves in plants, are adapted for exchanging materials. In multicellular organisms, surfaces and organ systems are specialised for exchanging materials. This is to allow sufficient molecules tobe transported into and out of cells for the organism’s needs. The effectiveness of an exchange surface is increased by: having a large surface area a membrane that is thin, to provide a short diffusion path (in animals) having an efficient blood supply (in animals, for gaseous exchange) being ventilated.

Designed for the new specification AQA GCSE course but can be modified for other exam boards. 22 slides covering Microscopy: By the end of the powerpoint students would have covered (includes a required practical): Students should be able to: understand how microscopy techniques have developed over time explain how electron microscopy has increased understanding of sub-cellular structures. Limited to the differences in magnification and resolution. An electron microscope has much higher magnification and resolving power than a light microscope. This means that it can be used to study cells in much finer detail. This has enabled biologists to see and understand many more sub-cellular structures. Students should be able to carry out calculations involving magnification, real size and image size using the formula: magnification = size of image size of real object Students should be able to express answers in standard form if appropriate. Required practical activity 1: use a light microscope to observe, draw and label a selection of plant and animal cells. A magnification scale must be included.

Designed for the new specification AQA GCSE course but can be modified for other exam boards. 15 slides covering animal and plant cells. By the end of the powerpoint students would have covered: **4.1.1.2 Animal and plant cells ** Students should be able to explain how the main sub-cellular structures, including the nucleus, cell membranes, mitochondria, chloroplasts in plant cells and plasmids in bacterial cells are related to their functions. Most animal cells have the following parts: -a nucleus -cytoplasm -a cell membrane -mitochondria -ribosomes. In addition to the parts found in animal cells, plant cells often have: -chloroplasts -a permanent vacuole filled with cell sap. Plant and algal cells also have a cell wall made of cellulose, which strengthens the cell. Students should be able to use estimations and explain when they should be used to judge the relative size or area of sub-cellular structures.

Designed for the new specification AQA GCSE course but can be modified for other exam boards. 15 slides covering Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells . By the end of the powerpoint students would have covered: **4.1.1.1 Eukaryotes and prokaryotes ** Plant and animal cells (eukaryotic cells) have a cell membrane, cytoplasm and genetic material enclosed in a nucleus. Bacterial cells (prokaryotic cells) are much smaller in comparison. They have cytoplasm and a cell membrane surrounded by a cell wall. The genetic material is not enclosed in a nucleus. It is a single DNA loop and there may be one or more small rings of DNA called plasmids. Students should be able to demonstrate an understanding of the scale and size of cells and be able to make order of magnitude calculations, including the use of standard form.

Designed for the new specification AQA GCSE course but can be modified for other exam boards. 16 slides covering Osmosis . By the end of the powerpoint students would have covered: Water may move across cell membranes via osmosis. Osmosis is the diffusion of water from a dilute solution to a concentrated solution through a partially permeable membrane. Students should be able to: use simple compound measures of rate of water uptake use percentages calculate percentage gain and loss of mass of plant tissue. Required practical activity 3: investigate the effect of a range of concentrations of salt or sugar solutions on the mass of plant tissue.

Designed for the new specification International A-level edexcel course but can be modified for other exam boards. 24 slides coveringThe Structure of Neurones By the end of the powerpoint students would have covered: 8.7 understand how the effects of drugs can be caused by their influence on nerve impulse transmission, illustrated by nicotine, lidocaine and cobra venom alpha toxin, the use of L-DOPA in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease and the action of MDMA (ecstasy) Powerpoint contains exam questions.

Designed for the new specification International A-level edexcel course but can be modified for other exam boards. 41 slides covering Carbohydrates By the end of the powerpoint students would have covered: -What is the difference between monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides. -Explain how disaccharides are formed. -Be able to relate the structures of monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides to their roles. -Use a semi-quantitative method with Benedict’s reagent to estimate the concentrations of reducing sugars and with iodine solution to estimate the concentrations of starch.

Designed for the new specification International A-level edexcel course but can be modified for other exam boards. 37 slides covering Proteins By the end of the powerpoint students would have covered: Know the structure of protein. Describe how polypeptides are made. Describe the primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure and function of proteins. Know the structure of a globular protein and a fibrous protein and understand how their structures relate to their functions. Use a semi-quantitative method to estimate protein concentration using biuret reagent and colour standards. Includes practical details and a task using molecular models.

Designed for the new specification International A-level edexcel course but can be modified for other exam boards. 29 slides covering Fertilisation in animals By the end of the powerpoint students would have covered: 3.11 understand how mammalian gametes are specialised for their functions (including the acrosome in sperm and the zona pellucida in the egg cell). 3.12 know the process of fertilisation in mammals, including the acrosome reaction, the cortical reaction and the fusion of nuclei. Powerpoint contains exam questions.

Designed for the new specification International A-level edexcel course but can be modified for other exam boards. 37 slides covering The chemistry of life (water) By the end of the powerpoint students would have covered: Understand the importance of water as a solvent in transport, including its dipole nature.

Designed for the new specification International A-level edexcel course but can be modified for other exam boards. 20 slides covering The organisation of cells By the end of the powerpoint students would have covered: -How the cells of multicellular organisms are organised into tissues. -How the tissues are organised into organs. -How the organs are organised into organ systems. Powerpoint contains exam questions

Designed for the new specification International A-level edexcel course but can be modified for other exam boards. 30 slides covering Eukaryotic cells By the end of the powerpoint students would have covered: -Ultrastructure of eukaryotic cells -Understand the function of the organelles in eukaryotic cells -Recognise the organelles in eukaryotic cells from electron microscope (EM) images. Powerpoint contains exam questions