OCR A level Physics: Chapter 19 Stars is apart of the Module 5: Newtonian world and Astrophysics. All presentations come with worked examples, solutions and homeworks. 19.1 Objects in the Universe 19.2 Life Cycles of Stars 19.3 Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram 19.4 Energy Levels in Atoms 19.5 Spectra 19.6 Analysing Starlight 19.7 Stellar Luminosity The size of astronomical objects: Universe, Galaxies, Solar systems, Stars, Planets, Planetary satellites, Comets, Artificial planetary satellites Comparing planets and comets The birth of stars Stars in equilibrium during the main sequence Calculating mass in kg from solar mass Life cycle of stars with a mass between 0.5 and 10 solar masses Life cycle of stars with a mass above 10 solar masses Pauli exclusion principle and electron degeneracy pressure Red giants and white dwarfs The Chandrasekhar limit Red supergiants to black holes and neutron stars Stellar nucleosynthesis Definition of luminosity Usual axis choice of a HR diagram. Identifying the positions of the main sequence, white dwarfs, red giants, and red supergiants. Description of how stellar evolution is shown in a Hertzsprung-Russell diagram Atoms have different electron arrangements Ground state energy Bound electron states being negative Converting between joules and electronvolts Calculating the change of energy between energy states Calculating a photon’s frequency and wavelength The electromagnetic spectrum and wavelengths Definition of spectroscopy Electrons and energy levels Continuous spectra Emission spectra from gases Absorption spectra from gases Electromagnetic interference Double slit experiment Path and phase difference Diffraction grating The grating equation Lines per millimeter to grating spacing Maximum order, n Maximum number of maxima The electromagnetic spectrum, frequency/wavelength, and temperature Black body radiation Wein’s displacements law Stefan’s law (Stefan-Boltzmann law)

OCR A level Physics: Chapter 20 Cosmology (Big Bang) is apart of the Module 5: Newtonian world and Astrophysics. All presentations come with worked examples, solutions and homeworks. 20.1 Astronomical Distances 20.2 The Doppler Effect 20.3 Hubble’s Law 20.4 The Big-bang Theory 20.5 Evolution of the Universe Astronomical distances: light-years, parsec, astronomical unit Astronomical angles - degree, arcminute, arcsecond Parallax Angle The definition of the Doppler effect Changes in pitch of sound waves due to relative motion Absorption spectra and electron energy levels Red-shift and blue-shift absorption spectra The Doppler equation The condition for velocity for the Doppler equation The Cosmological Principle Hubble’s Observations Hubble’s Law Hubble’s constant and the gradient of a graph Converting between km s-1 Mpc-1 into s-1 The expanding Universe model. Georges Lemaître’s Theory Evidence for the Big Bang Model Hubble’s Law (expanding Universe) Microwave Background Radiation Source of the Microwave Background Radiation Hubble’s constant and the age of the Universe The evolution of the Universe from the Big-bang to 13.7 billion years later The composition of the Universe Experimental evidence for dark matter Experimental evidence for dark energy