After a PhD in Medicinal Chemistry and some time in industry; I finally found my calling as a secondary school teacher in Chemistry.
Enjoy!
Please review the resources you buy in order for me to improve my teaching and my lessons
After a PhD in Medicinal Chemistry and some time in industry; I finally found my calling as a secondary school teacher in Chemistry.
Enjoy!
Please review the resources you buy in order for me to improve my teaching and my lessons
Edexcel CC11 Obtaining and using metal for the new 9-1 GCSE
TOPIC 4 Extracting metals and Equilibria PAPER 1 - NEW for SEPTEMBER 2017
Learning objectives:
Lesson 1:
To recall the properties of metals
To explain the reactivity series of metals and deduce the relative reactivity of some metals by their reactions with water and acids
To be able write balanced equations when metals react with water, steam and acid
Lesson 2: LOWER
To understand what a displacement reaction is
To be able to predict whether a displacement reaction will take place
To be able to write the word and symbol equations for displacement reactions
Lesson 2: HIGHER
To understand what a displacement reaction is
To be able to predict whether a displacement reaction will take place
To be able to explain displacement reactions as a redox reactions and write balanced ionic equations (H)
All extension questions available on each slide
Answers all underneath each slide
Support also available where necessary
AfL sections and mini quizzes
Reducing the need for photocopying
Main topics include:
-What are the similarities and differences about how metals react with water, steam and acid?
- What happens to metal atoms when they react wuth water, steam and acids?
- Displacement reactions
- HIGHER How do you explain displacement reactions as REDOX reactions?
Enjoy !!!!
All relating to specification (any pictures used have all been taken from the internet and I am not trying to claim rights to any pictures or information used)
PLEASE LEAVE FEEDBACK and REVIEWS
Edexcel CC11 Obtaining and using metal for the new 9-1 GCSE
TOPIC 4 Extracting metals and Equilibria PAPER 1 - NEW for SEPTEMBER 2017
Learning objectives:
To understand the terms oxidation and reduction in terms of oxygen
To be able to recall the extraction of metals and what this means in terms of oxidation and reduction
To explain the position of a metal in the reactivity series relative to its resistance to corrosion
All extension questions available on each slide
Answers all underneath each slide
Support also available where necessary
AfL sections and mini quizzes
Reducing the need for photocopying
Main topics include:
-How do you explain oxidation and reduction in terms of oxygen?
- What types of reaction happen to ores when metals are extracted?
- How is the position of a metal in the reactivity series related to its resistance to corrosion?
Enjoy !!!!
All relating to specification (any pictures used have all been taken from the internet and I am not trying to claim rights to any pictures or information used)
PLEASE LEAVE FEEDBACK and REVIEWS
Edexcel CC8 Acid and Alkalis for the new 9-1 GCSE
TOPIC 3 Chemical changes PAPER 1- NEW for SEPTEMBER 2017
Learning objectives:
SEE learning objectives for individual uploads - they will not fit on here
All extension questions available on each slide
Answers all underneath each slide
Support also available where necessary
AfL sections and mini quizzes
Reducing the need for photocopying
Main topics include:
See individual lesson uploads for more details
All relating to specification (any pictures used have all been taken from the internet and I am not trying to claim rights to any pictures or information used)
Enjoy !!!!
KS3 Unit 7H Chemistry - Chemical reactions
Aimed for High and low ability Year 7 but can be adapted for middle ability if required - all slides are different and differentiated - more information is found under each slide
8 Lessons and worksheets with answers
Lesson 7Ha: The air we breathe
Lesson 1-
To explain the difference between elements, compounds, mixtures and atoms
To interpret particle models of mixtures, atoms, elements and compounds
To be able to describe the difference between a mixture and pure substances
Lesson 2-
To recall that atoms can be joined together by bonds
To represent atoms using a model
To recall the names of the most important gases mixed in air
Lesson 7Hb: Earth’s elements
Lesson 3-
To be able to use the periodic table correctly
To explain how elements have been discovered
To be able to recall that different materials have different properties
Lesson 7Hc: Metals and non-metals
Lesson 4 -
To be able to identify the positions of metals and non-metals
To describe some common properties of metals and non-metals
To be able to explain the advantages of recycling metals
Lesson 5 -
To be able to recall how to use the periodic table
To be able to use experimental evidence to identify metals and non-metals
To consolidate by creating a poster
Lesson 7Hd: Making compounds
Lesson 6 -
To be able to describe the changes in properties between a compound and its constituent elements
To be able name simple compounds from two elements
To be able to write simple chemical formulae from molecular structures
Lesson 7He: Chemical reactions
Lesson 7 -
To recall examples of chemical reactions in everyday life
To investigate several reactions and to record observations
To be able to identify the changes in chemical and physical reactions
Lesson 8 -
To be able to identify the products and reactants using word equations
To model simple reactions using word equations
To be able to identify thermal decomposition reactions
8 lessons including practicals
and worksheets
Targeted towards specification
All extension questions available on each slide
Answers all underneath each slide
Support also available where necessary
AfL sections and mini quizzes
Reducing the need for photocopying
Enjoy !!!
PLEASE LEAVE FEEDBACK and REVIEWS
All relating to specification (any pictures used have all been taken from the internet and I am not trying to claim rights to any pictures or information used)
Edexcel 9-1
2POWERPOINTS
STEP BY STEP
EASY FOR STUDENTS
With the new specification being incredibly difficult for even the brightest students; I have devised a general PowerPoint on how to write ionic half equations.
The PowerPoint starts with general definitions, moving onto identifying ionic substances that will dissociate in water. This then leads towards writing net ionic equations and then understanding further on how ionic half equations are written in terms of OILRIG.
I used this has a WHITEBOARD lesson and it worked brilliantly
Furthermore, this can also be used without whiteboards for the brighter and more able kids
Hope it helps
Enjoy!!!
TOPIC 8 Fuels and Earth science PAPER 2- NEW for SEPTEMBER 2017
CC16a Hydrocarbons in crude oil and natural gas
L1 Crude oil
LESSON
To understand the term ‘hydrocarbon’
To explain why crude oil is useful
To explain why crude oil is a finite resource and non-renewable
All extension questions available on each slide
Answers all underneath each slide
Support also available where necessary
All powerpoints have:
- Summary questions
- Independent learning
Some powerpoints have:
- Practical's
- Group activities
- AfL
-Activate learning
-Demonstrate learning
All relating to specification (any pictures used have all been taken from the internet and I am not trying to claim rights to any pictures or information used)
Enjoy !!!!
TOPIC 8 Fuels and Earth science PAPER 2- NEW for SEPTEMBER 2017
CC16e Combustible fuels and pollution (ACID RAIN, SULFUR DIOXIDE, CAR)
L5 Pollution
ASSESSING PROGRESS SHEET for a starter
MARKET PLACE activity
LESSON
To explain why hydrocarbon fuels release sulfur dioxide when they are used
To describe the problems caused by acid rain
To be able to explain why oxides of nitrogen are produced by engines
Exam questions not added due to copy write
All extension questions available on each slide
Answers all underneath each slide
Support also available where necessary
All powerpoints have:
- Summary questions
- Independent learning
Some powerpoints have:
- Practical's
- Group activities
- AfL
-Activate learning
-Demonstrate learning
All relating to specification (any pictures used have all been taken from the internet and I am not trying to claim rights to any pictures or information used)
Enjoy !!!!
TOPIC 8 Fuels and Earth science PAPER 2- NEW for SEPTEMBER 2017
CC17c The atmosphere today (Greenhouse gases, greenhouse effect)
L10 The atmosphere today
Drawing activity
LESSON
To know the names of the greenhouse gases
To be able to describe how the greenhouse effect is caused
To be able to interpret graphs that show climate change
Exam questions not added due to copy write
All extension questions available on each slide
Answers all underneath each slide
Support also available where necessary
All powerpoints have:
- Summary questions
- Independent learning
Some powerpoints have:
- Practical's
- Group activities
- AfL
-Activate learning
-Demonstrate learning
All relating to specification (any pictures used have all been taken from the internet and I am not trying to claim rights to any pictures or information used)
Enjoy !!!!
TOPIC 8 Fuels and Earth science PAPER 2- NEW for SEPTEMBER 2017
CC17a The Early atmosphere (oceans formed, mars and venus)
L8 The Early Earth and atmosphere
ASSESSING PROGRESS SHEET for a starter
SHEET activity
To interpret the evidence available for the composition of the Earth’s early atmosphere
To be able to describe the Earths’ early atmosphere
To explain how oceans formed
L9 The Changing atmosphere
SHEET activity
LESSON
To explain how the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere was decreased
To be able to how life evolved
To consolidate with questions
Exam questions not added due to copy write
All extension questions available on each slide
Answers all underneath each slide
Support also available where necessary
All powerpoints have:
- Summary questions
- Independent learning
Some powerpoints have:
- Practical's
- Group activities
- AfL
-Activate learning
-Demonstrate learning
All relating to specification (any pictures used have all been taken from the internet and I am not trying to claim rights to any pictures or information used)
Enjoy !!!!
AQA AS level Unit 1 Section 1 Atomic structure
Using the specification and books
No exam questions are included due to copy right
Including:
Homework booklets
Assessment sheets
Interactive powerpoints (rarely seen in A-level)
1. The atom
2. Atomic models (developing ideas from GCSE)
3. Relative mass, relative atomic mass and atomic number
4 Mass spectrometer
5. Mass spectrum analysis - using mass spectra
6. Electron structure - shells and sub-level (s, p, d, f)
7. Ionisation energies - trends and equations
LESSON 1: FUNDAMENTAL PARTICLES
To appreciate that the knowledge and understanding of atomic structure has evolved over time
To describe the properties of p, n and e in terms of relative charges and mass
To know that early models of the atomic structure predicted that atoms and ions with noble gas electron arrangements should be stable
LESSON 2: Isotopes
To explain the existence of isotopes
To determine the relative atomic mass of elements using isotope abundance data
To understand the physical and chemical properties of different isotopes
LESSON 3: MASS SPECTROMETER
To recall how to calculate the Ar and Mr
To understand the m/z ratio
To know how a mass spectrometer operates
LESSON 4: MASS SPECTRA ANALYSIS
To understand how to interpret a mass spectrum and calculate relative atomic mass
To understand how to work out the relative molecular/formula mass
To consolidate with questions
LESSON 5: ELECTRON CONFIGURATION OVER 2 LESSONS
To understand the electron configuration of atoms and ions
To be able to write the electron configuration of atoms up to Z=36 in terms of levels and sub-levels (orbitals) s, p and d
To understand that there are exceptions to the rules for ions and certain elements
LESSON 7: IONISATION ENERGIES
To state the definition of ionisation energies
To describe the trend in ionisation energies a) down a group and b) across a period in terms of electron configurations
To explain how trends in ionisation energies provide evidence for the existence of electron energy levels and sub-levels
ENJOY!!!
Please rate and comment in order to further improve
AQA AS level Unit 1 Section 3 Bonding
Using the specification and books
No exam questions are included due to copy right
Including:
Homework booklets
Assessment sheets
Interactive powerpoints (rarely seen in A-level)
1. Ionic bonding
2. Metallic bonding
3. Covalent bonding
4. Dative covalent (co-ordinate) bonding
5 + 6 Shapes of molecules
7 Electronegativity and bond polarity
8 + 9 Forces acting between molecules (van de Waals, dipole-dipole and Hydrogen bonding)
10 States of matter and a summary of 4 types of crystal structure - molecular, macromolecular, ionic and metallic
1.
To understand how ions are formed and why they are attracted to each other
To state the properties of ionically bonded compounds
To describe the structure of ionically bonded compounds
2
To describe the nature of metallic bonding
To explain the properties of metals
To consolidate with questions
3
To describe a covalent bond
To be able to form molecules by covalent bonding
To explain the properties of covalent compounds
4.
To know what a “co-ordinate” or “dative” bond is
To be able to draw molecules with lines/arrows showing covalent/co-ordinate bonds
To consolidate with questions
5 + 6.
To state the rules that govern the shapes of simple molecules
To be able to draw and describe how the number of electron pairs around an atom affects the shape of the molecule
To describe what happens to the shape of a molecule when a bonding pair of electrons is replaced by a non-bonding pair
To describe what happens to the shape of a molecule when an ion is formed
LESSON 7 Electronegativity and bond polarity
Objectives:
To define and understand the concept of electronegativity
To understand and deduce why some covalent bonds and molecules are polar
To deduce whether a molecule has a permanent dipole
LESSON 8
Objectives:
To explain the effect of an electrostatically charged rod on different liquids
To understand there are 3 types of intermolecular forces
To explain how melting points are influenced by these intermolecular forces
LESSON 9
Objectives:
To know what is needed for hydrogen bonding to occur
To know how hydrogen bonding affects boiling points
To explain how hydrogen bonding affects other properties
LESSON 10 - can be done over 2
Objectives:
To recall the 3 states of matter
To explain the energy changes associated with changes in state
To describe in detail the structures and properties of diamond, graphite, ice, iodine, magnesium and sodium chloride
ENJOY!!!
Please rate and comment in order to further improve
Edexcel CC22 Qualitative analysis: Hydrocarbons for the new 9-1 GCSE
TOPIC 9 SEPARATE SCIENCE PAPER 2 - NEW for SEPTEMBER 2017
Learning objectives: LESSON 2
To recall the two types of combustion reactions of hydrocarbons
To explain how bromine water is used to distinguish between alkanes and alkenes
To understand alkene addition reactions
All extension questions available on each slide
Answers all underneath each slide
Support also available where necessary
AfL sections and mini quizzes
Reducing the need for photocopying
No exam questions due to copy write
Main topics include:
- Combustion - complete and incomplete
- Addition reactions
- Bromine water test
Enjoy !!!!
PLEASE LEAVE FEEDBACK and REVIEWS
All relating to specification (any pictures used have all been taken from the internet and I am not trying to claim rights to any pictures or information used)
Edexcel 9-1 TOPIC 5 Sc15 Dynamic Equilibria: Haber process
Edexcel 9-1 Sc15b PART 1 ONLY (industrial processes sold separately)
TOPIC 5 Dynamic Equilibria: Haber process + Le Chatelier’s principle SEPARATE TRIPLE PAPER 1
SEPARATE or TRIPLE PAPER 1
TOPIC 5 SEPARATE SCIENCE PAPER 1 - NEW for SEPTEMBER 2017
Learning objectives:
Objectives:
To understand Le Chatelier’s Principle (H)
To predict how the position of the equilibrium is affected by changes in conditions(H)
To understand how the time taken to reach equilibrium is affected by changes in the conditions (H)
All extension questions available on each slide
Answers all underneath each slide
Support also available where necessary
AfL sections and mini quizzes
Reducing the need for photocopying
No exam questions due to copy write
Main topics include: (H)
- Le Chatelier's principle
-Changes in concentration, pressure, temperature and catalysts
- Rate of reaction and time taken to reach equilibrium NEW TO SPEC
- exam question but not included
Enjoy !!!!
PLEASE LEAVE FEEDBACK and REVIEWS
All relating to specification (any pictures used have all been taken from the internet and I am not trying to claim rights to any pictures or information used)
CAN BE USED FOR ABOUT 3 LESSONS
Edexcel CC9 PART 1-3 Calculations involving masses for the new 9-1 GCSE
3-4 lessons depending on how good student are at the calculations
Mainly covering:
TOPIC 1 KEY CONCEPTS OF CHEMISTRY PAPER 1 and PAPER 2- NEW for SEPTEMBER 2017
A mock exam will be give after this batch of lessons - something different when you start revision
MOCK EXAM FOR FREE
https://www.tes.com/teaching-resource/edexcel-9-1-combined-foundation-chemistry-calculations-mini-mock-topic-1-key-concepts-11832472
Powerpoint with over 50 slides including worked examples, questions for the students to complete and then the answers of the questions.
Some calculations include more than one method, to help stretch the brightest and support the lowest ability students in the FOUNDATION PAPERS.
There is a summary slide for each paper (Paper 1 and Paper 2) and a calculations summary slide to show all the equations that students will need to know.
QUESTIONS ATTACHED TO ALLOW STUDENTS TO WORK INDEPENDENTLY OR AT THEIR OWN PACE (THEY ARE THE SAME QUESTIONS AS IN THE POWERPOINT - SO ALL ANSWERS ARE IN THE POWERPOINT)
Can set as homework or use in a revision lesson.
Calculations include:
Rf Value
Relative Formula Mass
Empirical from molecular
Molecular Formula from Empirical Formula and Mr
Empirical Formula from Reacting masses and % composition
Conservation of Mass
Reacting masses (without moles)
Concentration (g/dm3)
Please leave feedback
CAN BE USED FOR ABOUT 5 LESSONS
OVER 140 SLIDES
ACTIVATE - SHOWING THE FORMULA AND HOW IT WORKS
DEMONSTRATE - ALLOWING STUDENTS TO COMPLETE THE QUESTIONS
AFL - CHECKING ANSWERS (ALL ANSWERS PRESENT)
Edexcel CC9 PART 1-3 Calculations involving masses for the new 9-1 GCSE
3-4 lessons depending on how good student are at the calculations
Mainly covering
TOPIC 1 KEY CONCEPTS OF CHEMISTRY PAPER 1 and PAPER 2- NEW for SEPTEMBER 2017
Touching on TOPIC 7 Bond energy calculations for the higher tier students
A mock exam will be give after this batch of lessons - something different when you start revision
FOR THE MOCK I USED SEE
https://www.tes.com/teaching-resource/edexcel-9-1-combined-higher-chemistry-calculations-mini-mock-topic-1-key-concepts-11822210
IT IS FREE
Powerpoint with over 130 slides including worked examples, questions for the students to complete and then the answers of the questions.
Some calculations include more than one method, to help stretch the brightest and support the lowest ability students.
There is a summary slide for each paper (Paper 1 and Paper 2) and a calculations summary slide to show all the equations that students will need to know.
QUESTIONS ATTACHED TO ALLOW STUDENTS TO WORK INDEPENDENTLY OR AT THEIR OWN PACE (THEY ARE THE SAME QUESTIONS AS IN THE POWERPOINT - SO ALL ANSWERS ARE IN THE POWERPOINT) Can set as homework or use in a revision lesson.
Calculations include:
Rf Value
Isotope Calculation (H)
Relative Formula Mass
Empirical from molecular
Molecular Formula from Empirical Formula and Mr
Empirical Formula from Reacting masses and % composition
Conservation of Mass
Reacting masses (without moles)
Concentration (g/dm3)
Moles (H)
Using Avogadro’s constant to calculate the number of atoms or molecules (H)
Reacting masses (with moles) (H)
Finding the Limiting Reagent (H)
Using the limiting reagent to calculate the mass (H)
Balancing equations (with moles) (H)
Bond Enthalpy (H)
Please leave feedback
Edexcel 9-1 TOPIC 5 Sc14 Quantitative analysis:
1. MOLAR VOLUME of gases and Avogadro’s law of gases
Objectives:
STARTER: To know how to interconvert between cm3 and dm3 and to work out the concentration equation
To know how to define molar volume of gases at room temperature and pressure
To be able to use the molar volume in calculations involving the masses of solids and volumes of gases
To understand how to use Avogadro’s law to calculate volumes of gases involved in gaseous reactions.
2. CONCENTRATION with mol and grams per dm3 and interchanging between the two
Objectives:
STARTER: To know how to interconvert between cm3 and dm3 and to work out the concentration equation
To be able to calculate concentrations in g dm-3 (H)
To be able to calculate concentrations in mol dm-3 (H)
To understand how to interconvert between mol dm-3 and g dm-3 (H)
3. PERCENTAGE YIELDS + moles SEPARATE or TRIPLE
Objectives:
To understand the difference between the actual yield and the theoretical yield
To be able to calculate the percentage yield of a reaction from the actual yield and the theoretical yield
To recall how to calculate masses using moles
4. TITRATION CORE PRACTICAL and Titration calculations
Objectives:
To understand how to carry out an acid and alkali titration
To be able to carry out calculations using the results of titrations to calculate an unknown concentration of solution or unknown volume of solution (H)
To consolidate learning with questions (H)
5. ATOM ECONOMY
Objectives:
To recall the atom economy of a reaction
To make Magnesium sulphate in 3 different ways then work out which is the best (most economical!)
To explain why a particular reaction pathway is chosen to produce a particular product, given data (HIGHER OBJECTIVE)
CAN BE USED FOR ABOUT 8 LESSONS
OVER 187 SLIDES
ACTIVATE - SHOWING THE FORMULA AND HOW IT WORKS
DEMONSTRATE - ALLOWING STUDENTS TO COMPLETE THE QUESTIONS
AFL - CHECKING ANSWERS (ALL ANSWERS PRESENT)
Edexcel CC9 PART 1-3 Calculations involving masses for the new 9-1 GCSE
6-8 lessons depending on how good student are at the calculations
Mainly covering
TOPIC 1 KEY CONCEPTS OF CHEMISTRY PAPER 1 and PAPER 2- NEW for SEPTEMBER 2017
TOPIC 5 SEPARATE SCIENCE PAPER 1: QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS
Touching on TOPIC 7 Bond energy calculations for the higher tier students
Powerpoint with over 187 slides including worked examples, questions for the students to complete and then the answers of the questions.
Some calculations include more than one method, to help stretch the brightest and support the lowest ability students.
There is a summary slide for each paper (Paper 1 and Paper 2- separate science/ triple science) and a calculations summary slide to show all the equations that students will need to know over the 2 separate science papers.
QUESTIONS ATTACHED TO ALLOW STUDENTS TO WORK INDEPENDENTLY OR AT THEIR OWN PACE (THEY ARE THE SAME QUESTIONS AS IN THE POWERPOINT - SO ALL ANSWERS ARE IN THE POWERPOINT) Can set as homework or use in a revision lesson.
Calculations include:
COMBINED SCIENCE…
Rf Value
Isotope Calculation (H)
Relative Formula Mass
Empirical from molecular
Molecular Formula from Empirical Formula and Mr
Empirical Formula from Reacting masses and % composition
Conservation of Mass
Reacting masses (without moles)
Concentration (g/dm3)
Moles (H)
Using Avogadro’s constant to calculate the number of atoms or molecules (H)
Reacting masses (with moles) (H)
Finding the Limiting Reagent (H)
Using the limiting reagent to calculate the mass (H)
Balancing equations (with moles) (H)
Bond Enthalpy (H)
SEPARATE SCIENCE …
Percentage yield
Reacting Masses and percentage yield
Atom Economy
Concentration (moldm-3)
Concentration – converting between moldm-3 and gdm-3
Titration equations
Molar volume of gases – with volume and masses
Please leave feedback
4.8.3 Identification of ions by chemical and spectroscopic means
(chemistry only)
4.8.3.1 Flame tests
4.8.3.2 Metal hydroxides
4.8.3.3 Carbonates
4.8.3.4 Halides
4.8.3.5 Sulfates
Required practical 7: use of chemical tests to identify the ions in unknown single ionic compounds covering the ions from sections Flame tests to Sulfates
4.8.3.6 Instrumental methods
4.8.3.7 Flame emission spectroscopy
Content split over 5 lessons -but more including practical lessons (lessons in our school are 40 minutes so can condense material for longer lessons if required)
All exam questions have been removed for copyright purposes
All extension questions available on each slide
Answers all underneath each slide
Support also available where necessary
AfL sections and mini quizzes
Reducing the need for photocopying
Lesson 1: Flame tests
Objectives:
To carry out flame tests
To describe flame tests to identify ions in solids
To consolidate learning with questions
Lesson 2 + 3: Test for metal ions
Objectives:
To recall precipitation reactions (Practical)
To explain how metal ions are identified using sodium hydroxide solution
To be able to write ionic half equations for the formation of metal hydroxides (H)
Lesson 4:Testing for non-metal ions
Objectives:
To explain how carbonate ions and sulfate ions are detected
To explain how halide ions are detected
To consolidate with exam style questions
Lesson 5: Instrumental analysis
To describe that instrumental methods of analysis
To evaluate data from a flame photometer
To consolidate with exam style questions
Unit 10 Using resources
4.10.3 Using materials (chemistry only)
4.10.3.1 Corrosion and its prevention
4.10.3.2 Alloys as useful materials
**4.10.3.3 Ceramics, polymers and composites NOT INCLUDED
**
Content split over 2 lessons -but more including practical lessons (lessons in our school are 40 minutes so can condense material for longer lessons if required)
All exam questions have been removed for copyright purposes
All extension questions available on each slide
Answers all underneath each slide
Support also available where necessary
AfL sections and mini quizzes
Reducing the need for photocopying
LEsson 1 Rusting
Objectives:
To explain how experimental results can be used to show the conditions necessary for rusting
To explain in detail how to prevent iron from rusting
To consolidate using questions
Lesson 2: Alloys
Objectives:
To be able to explain why alloys are harder than pure metals
To give examples of different alloys and their uses
To consolidate using questions